1. Concerning the presence of the nucleus, what is the difference between animal

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1. Concerning the presence of the nucleus, what is the difference between animal and bacterial cells? What are the two big groups into which they are classified? 2. What is a cytoskeleton and where does it localize in a cell? What are the main cytoskeletal components in animal cells? 3. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all polysaccharides composed of glucose. What makes cach of these polysaccharides unique in spite of the fact that all are composed solely of glucose? 4. One of the NASA land rovers returns from its mission with a variety of samples. From one, a unique bacterial species has been isolated and cultured. It was also discovered that rather than a codon of three nucleotides, this organism uses groups of four nucleotides. Your job is to investigate: (a) whether or not the genetic code is overlapping or nonoverlapping: (b) suggest how you would verify the presence of overlapping versus nonoverlapping frames if the codon was read in groups of three nucleotides and in groups of four nucleotides respectively. How would your data have been different without the knowledge of codons as groups of four nucleotides? Test mRNA sequence: y.AUUGGCCA AU UUACGGUAAUGGCCA AUUUACGGU-3. 5. The following diagram shows the amino acids that result from mutations in the codon for a particular amino acid in a bacterial polypeptide: LysThrSer Stop Assume that each arow denotes a single base-pair substitution in the bacterial DNA, with the help of the following table, determine the most likely codons for each of the amino acids and the stop signal in the diagram. The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was determined at different concentrations of ethanol. The reaction was based on the following equation: 6. alcohol dehydroganse Ethanol + NAD+ ? Acetyaldehyde + NADH Ethanol) (mM) Activity (umole NADH/min)40 2.353.55 4.775.766.44 0.25 0.50 .002.00 4.008.00 (NAD' was kept at a saturating concentration of 2.5 mM.) (a) (4 marks) What are Vax and Km? Estimate Vax and Km by visual inspection. (b) (4 marks) Plot the above data using the Lineweaver-Burk plot and calculate Vmax and K respectively (c) (2 marks) How would the presence of a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase affect the Vand K of the reaction? 7. What is GMP? What are the basic principles of GMP? 8. What are chimeric and humanized antibodies? Describe the advantages of chimeric and humanized antibodies over those obtained from the humanized animals

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1. Concerning the presence of the nucleus, what is the difference between animal

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