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1. Glycolysis/fermentation/gluconeogenesis (50 pts) A Describe TWO reactions in

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Question

1. Glycolysis/fermentation/gluconeogenesis (50 pts) A Describe TWO reactions in glycolysis which require ATP as a substrate. Glycolysis actually ends up producing ATP for the cell. How specifically is the ATP "investment" recovered and a "profit" made? Include reactants, products, and enzymes. Describe the LAST step of glycolysis. What are the reactants and products? The reaction is one that must be side-stepped (i.e. can't be simply reversed) in gluconeogenesis -why? How, specifically, is this accomplished? What is the role/purpose of fermentation? Why is it used and under what circumstances? What are its reactants and products? B) C)

Explanation / Answer

1)Glucose ? glucose 6-phosphate with the help of hexokinase by consuming 1 ATP

2) fructose 6-phosphate ? Fructose 6-biphosphate phosphate with the help of phosphofroctokinase-1 by consuming 1 ATP

Because this conversion require certain amount of energy by consuming 2 ATP we generate 8 ATP in glycolysis

2) The enolase enzyme removes the water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate. And this is reversible reaction if we add water then it again coverrted into from 2-phosphoglycerate and this further convert into 2 molecules of pyruvate with the help of pyruvate kinase and this pyruvate is starting material for kerb cycle that’s why this reaction is irreversible

2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H7O7P) + enolase ? 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (C3H5O6P)

2molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate (C3H5O6P) + pyruvate kinase + 2 ADP ? 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3H3O3-) + 2 ATP

3) Role of fermentation is Preservation methods for food via microorganisms (general use).

Reactant and product used in fermentation

The reactant used for each process is a simple sugar

Glucose is the simple sugar reactant used in this type of homolactic fermentation,