Q1. Mitochondrial diseases are often very severe because: (Select ALL that apply
ID: 259858 • Letter: Q
Question
Q1.
Mitochondrial diseases are often very severe because:
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. mitochondria contain most of the DNA in the cell.
2. mitochondria have their own genome.
3. they affect the cell’s energy metabolism.
4. ATP produced by the mitochondria is important for normal cellular function.
Q2.
If one child has a mitochondrial disease, all of that child’s siblings ------------------ always also have the mitochondrial disease because each egg cell ------------ the same set of mitochondria.
Select ONE option for the FIRST blank:
1. will
2. will not
Select ONE option for the SECOND blank:
1. has
2. does not have
Q3.
Select ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Select ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Select ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Select ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Q4.
Mitochondrial fission is important for healthy mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial fission allows for old, defective components from one mitochondrion to be replaced with new ones. Mitochondrial fission facilitates this replacement of old mitochondrial parts by isolating them in small membrane-bound vesicles that are then degraded by the cell.
What is the expected consequence for mitochondrial energy production in a pathological condition where mitochondrial fission is reduced?
Select ONE option:
A. The rate of mitochondrial replacement will increase and ATP levels will increase.
B. The rate of mitochondrial replacement will decrease and ATP levels will decrease.
Q5.
The figure below shows fission (division) of one mitochondrion into two mitochondria. For this process to occur, the mitochondrion has to grow to a certain size by synthesizing the necessary components to increase its volume.
Part 1. In order for a mitochondrion to divide, it must first make more membrane. What are the major components that need to be made by the mitochondrion during this first step?
(Select ALL that apply.)
A. Outer membrane lipids
B. ATP synthase
C. Inner membrane lipids
D. Mitochondrial DNA
E. Cardiolipin
F. Pyruvate
G. Drp1
Part 2: Where is this type of enzyme likely to be located in the mitochondria?
Select ONE option:
A. Matrix
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane
C. Intermembrane space
D. Outer mitochondrial membrane
Q6.
Porins are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels for water molecules to go through a lipid bilayer. An example of a porin is shown below. The grey spheres indicate the phosphate heads of the phospholipid bilayer in which the porin is embedded. The cyan spheres indicate water molecules.
Part 1. Identify the region (A, B, or C), where you would expect to find the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer.
Select ONE option:
1. A
2. B
Part 2. Given the images above, the red regions of the protein are most likely to be ____________.
Select ONE option for the blank:
1. hydrophobic
2. hydrophilic
Q7.
Transport along a microtubule is especially important in delivering mitochondria from the cell body of a motor neuron to the end of an axon, where there is a high energy demand for neurotransmission. Miro is an adaptor protein that binds mitochondria to the motor proteins responsible for carrying mitochondria along microtubules.
Part 1. What symptom(s) would you expect to see in a patient carrying a deletion to the miro gene?
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. Difficulty walking because the sciatic nerve, which is the longest cell in the body, will be impaired.
2. Vision loss due to impairment of short retinal neurons.
3. Deficiencies in neurons across entire nervous system, regardless of size.
Part 2. Disrupting which of the following processes would result in similar symptoms?
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. Microtubule organization
2. Motor protein interaction with microtubules
3. Actin filament oligomerization
Q1.
Mitochondrial diseases are often very severe because:
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. mitochondria contain most of the DNA in the cell.
2. mitochondria have their own genome.
3. they affect the cell’s energy metabolism.
4. ATP produced by the mitochondria is important for normal cellular function.
Q2.
If one child has a mitochondrial disease, all of that child’s siblings ------------------ always also have the mitochondrial disease because each egg cell ------------ the same set of mitochondria.
Select ONE option for the FIRST blank:
1. will
2. will not
Select ONE option for the SECOND blank:
1. has
2. does not have
Q3.
Select ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Select ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Select ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Select ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Q4.
Mitochondrial fission is important for healthy mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial fission allows for old, defective components from one mitochondrion to be replaced with new ones. Mitochondrial fission facilitates this replacement of old mitochondrial parts by isolating them in small membrane-bound vesicles that are then degraded by the cell.
What is the expected consequence for mitochondrial energy production in a pathological condition where mitochondrial fission is reduced?
Select ONE option:
A. The rate of mitochondrial replacement will increase and ATP levels will increase.
B. The rate of mitochondrial replacement will decrease and ATP levels will decrease.
Q5.
The figure below shows fission (division) of one mitochondrion into two mitochondria. For this process to occur, the mitochondrion has to grow to a certain size by synthesizing the necessary components to increase its volume.
Part 1. In order for a mitochondrion to divide, it must first make more membrane. What are the major components that need to be made by the mitochondrion during this first step?
(Select ALL that apply.)
A. Outer membrane lipids
B. ATP synthase
C. Inner membrane lipids
D. Mitochondrial DNA
E. Cardiolipin
F. Pyruvate
G. Drp1
Part 2: Where is this type of enzyme likely to be located in the mitochondria?
Select ONE option:
A. Matrix
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane
C. Intermembrane space
D. Outer mitochondrial membrane
Q6.
Porins are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels for water molecules to go through a lipid bilayer. An example of a porin is shown below. The grey spheres indicate the phosphate heads of the phospholipid bilayer in which the porin is embedded. The cyan spheres indicate water molecules.
Part 1. Identify the region (A, B, or C), where you would expect to find the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer.
Select ONE option:
1. A
2. B
Part 2. Given the images above, the red regions of the protein are most likely to be ____________.
Select ONE option for the blank:
1. hydrophobic
2. hydrophilic
Q7.
Transport along a microtubule is especially important in delivering mitochondria from the cell body of a motor neuron to the end of an axon, where there is a high energy demand for neurotransmission. Miro is an adaptor protein that binds mitochondria to the motor proteins responsible for carrying mitochondria along microtubules.
Part 1. What symptom(s) would you expect to see in a patient carrying a deletion to the miro gene?
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. Difficulty walking because the sciatic nerve, which is the longest cell in the body, will be impaired.
2. Vision loss due to impairment of short retinal neurons.
3. Deficiencies in neurons across entire nervous system, regardless of size.
Part 2. Disrupting which of the following processes would result in similar symptoms?
(Select ALL that apply.)
1. Microtubule organization
2. Motor protein interaction with microtubules
3. Actin filament oligomerization
Standard IVF 3-Way IVF Location of fertilizationSelect ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Select ONE option:
A. inside the body
B. outside the body
Number of genetic parentsSelect ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Select ONE option:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Source of mitochondrial DNASelect ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor
B. Intended father
C. Intended mother
Source of nuclear DNASelect ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Select ONE option:
A. Mt donor + intended father
B. Intended father + intended mother
C. mt donor
D. intended father
E. intended mother
Drp 1 oExplanation / Answer
1) Answer :
2. mitochondria have their own genome.
3. they affect the cell’s energy metabolism.
4. ATP produced by the mitochondria is important for normal cellular function.
Because, mitochondrial diseases are inherited. It has their own genome so, any change in their genome would affect its gene expression. ATP is the energy currency of the cell for all its metabolic process and its production is the main function of mitochondria.
2) Answer : If one child has a mitochondrial disease, all of that child’s siblings will always also have the mitochondrial disease because each egg cell has the same set of mitochondria.
Because, mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. Only the nucleus of the sperm cell enters the egg cell and fuses with nucleus of egg cell to form zygote with different genetic combination. And, all other parts of the egg cell including mitochondria is directly passed to all offspring from mother and contributes to form zygote. So, mitochondria DNA is inherited without any influence from the sperm.
3) Answer :
Standard IVF : B. outside the body, B. 2, C. Intended mother, B. Intended father + intended mother
It is invitro fertilization that is in lab condition between sperm (father) and egg cell (mother). Only two genetic parents are involved, male and female. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally and nuclear DNA is fusion of male DNA and female DNA.
3-Way IVF : B. outside the body, C. 3, A. Mt donor, B. Intended father + intended mother
It is invitro fertilization that is in lab condition between sperm (father) and egg cell (mother with defected mitochondria). Three genetic parents are involved, donor female donates mitochondria alone, nuclear DNA is from intended mother and intended father. Defected mitochondria from intended mother is removed and donor mitochondria is inserted.
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