A) What are two differences between fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid cataboli

Question

A) What are two differences between fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism? (B) What molecule do cells use to transport activated acyl units across mitochondrial membranes? Which molecule do cells use to specifically transfer 2-carbon (acetyl) units out of mitochondria? (C) Glucagon signaling leads (via cAMP) to activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase. Does this phosphorylation activate or inactivate Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase? (D) (E) Name two allosteric regulators of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Explanation / Answer

(A) Fatty acid synthesis refers to the production of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases, whereas Fatty acid degradation refers to the process in which fatty acids are broken down into their metabolites, which consists of steps such as lipolysis and ?-oxidation).

Fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism (degradation) have different pathways that are not just the opposite of each other. Some differences between these two are as follows -

(B) After fatty acid activation, a specialized carnitine carrier system transport the fatty acids through the otherwise impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane. This occurs as follows -

(C) During ?-oxidation, fatty acids are converted into 2-carbon acetyl Co-A units. Then oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA synthesize citrate, that  is transported across mitochondria to the cytosol with the help of the tricarboxylate anion carrier system, and then cleaved to give acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

(E) Allosteric regulators of Acetyl Coa Carboxylase are glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin. Insulin acts as a positive regulator in fatty acid synthesis (as it activates the carboxylase), whereas glucagon and epinephrine are negative regulators.

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