1) How does the omission of specific milk proteins aid in the digestion from per

Question

1) How does the omission of specific milk proteins aid in the digestion from persons who are lactose intolerant? You may need references to support your rationale. 2) Recently, A2 milk has been marketed as an alternative for milk. Please discuss the components of this product and if it would be considered a good milk substitute. 3) Why is boiling samples necessary? 4) How does vertical gel electrophoresis differ from horizontal gel electrophoresis? What is the purpose of each? Are the outcomes the same? 5) If the power failed 10 minutes into the run, how would this affect your gel?

Explanation / Answer

1. Omission of specific proteins from milk leads to the better digestion of the milk for the person who is lactose intolerant. It is known that the lactose intolerance is due to inability of a person to digest lactose and some proteins of milk like caseins and the whey proteins lactoglobulin and lactalbumin. So if we omit these proteins then the person will be able to digest the other proteins and can get the other nutrition from milk.

2. A2 milk is basically cow milk from which ?-casein proteins which is called A1 variant of casein that seems to be harmful have been removed. while it contains the another genetic variant of casein that is A2. A2 milk contains proline instead of histidine present in A1 milk. The histidine is weakly bound to the BCM 7 protein and gets released in G1 tract of the animaland enter human body for consumption and harm the internal organs of human. However the A2 milk has proline tightly bound to BCM 7 protein do not released in the GI tract and hence it is useful for human.

3. Boiling of samples is necessary to disinfect it from the microorganisms present in the environment and the surface of the samples. If we use the sample directly we may get infected with many undesirable bacteria and other pathogens. So boiling kills them and make the sample free of the harmful effects.

4. A horizontal gel electrophoresis includes a horizontal tray that is gel casting tray and a buffer system (Gel buffer tank). It has cathode and anode at two ends. The electricity is passed through the buffer and with respect to that the DNA which is negatively charged moves from ive pole to +ve pole. The separation is on the basis of molecular mass of size of the fragments.

While, on the other the hand the vertical gel electrophoresis is quite complex as compared to the horizontal. It utilizes a discontinuous buffer system. Here the top container contains the cathode and the bottom contains the anode. There is a glass plate in set of two, in between the thin gel is made and submerged in the buffer. Of which the top of gel is in another buffer different from the bottom of the gel buffer. Unlike horizontal systems, the buffer can only flow through the gel.

Purpose: DNA and RNA are run in the horizontal gel electrophoresis as they are all negatively charged just need to be separated on the basis of their size.

While the proteins are run on the vertical system as it has greater resolution, used for proteins separation.

Power failure: If the power failed for 10 minutes in between the gel run system, then there will be diffusion of the band at the place till where they reach in run. And no resolution will be obtained.

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