Part 2: Evolution of the Flu Virus How can DNA sequence data be used to track fl

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Part 2: Evolution of the Flu Virus How can DNA sequence data be used to track flu virus evolution during pandemic waves? In 2009, an influenza A HIN1 virus caused a pandemic, and the virus has continued to resurface in outbreaks across the world. Researchers in Taiwan were curious about why the virus kept appearing despite widespread flu vaccine initiatives. They hypothesized that newly evolved variants of the HINI virus were able to evade human immune system defenses. To test this hypothesis, they needed to determine if each wave of the flu outbreak was caused by a different HIN1 variant Scientists obtained the genome sequences for 4,703 virus isolates collected from patients with HIN1 flu in Taiwan between 2009 and 2011. They compared the sequences in different isolates for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene, and based on mutations that had occurred, arranged the isolates into a phylogenetic tree. (Figure 1) A/California/07/2009 Group 1 A/Taiwan/1164/2010/Group 3 NTaiwan/T1773/2009 Group 6 A/Taiwan/T 1 338/200g ATaiwan/TO724/2009 ATaiwan/T1821/2009 A/Taiwan/937/2009 AVTaiwan/T1339/2009 Group 7 A/Taiwan/940/2009 VTaiwan/7418/2009 A/Taiwan/8575/2009 A/Taiwan/ 4909/2009 A/Taiwan/8542/2009 AV Taiwan/ 1018/2011 A/Taiwan/552/2011 A/Taiwan/ 2826/2009 ATaiwan/TO826/2009 A/Taiwan/ 1017/2009 AVTaiwan/7873/2009 A Taiwan/ 11706/2009 Group 8 /Taiwan/6341/2009 A/Taiwan/6200/2009 AVTaiwan/5270/2010 ATahvan/3994/2010 -Group 8-1 A/Taiwan/4501/2011 A/Taiwan/1749/2011 WTaiwan/1102/2011Group 10 A/Taiwan/67/2011 VTaiwan/4611/2011 A/Taiwan/5506/2011 A/Taiwan/1150/2011 Group 11 A/Taiwan/ 2883/2011 A/TaiwanV 842/2010 A/ Taiwan/ 3697 /2011 Data from J-R. Yang et a., New variants and age shift to high fatality groups contribute to severe successive waves in the 2009 influenza pandemic in Taiwan, PLOS ONE 6(11): e28288 (2011). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028288. The phylogenetic tree shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationship between the variant strains of HIN1 virus. Each branch tip is one variant of the HIN1 virus with a unique HA gene sequence. The more closely connected two variants are, the more alike they are in terms of HA gene sequence. Each fork in a branch, called a node, shows where two lineages separate due to different accumulated mutations. The number of nodes separating two variants is an indication of how many DNA the variants, thus how distantly related they are sequence differences there are between Referring to the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1, which variant is more closely related to A/Taiwan1018/2011 in group 9 (brown): A/Taiwan/552/2011 or A/Taiwan/8542/2009

Explanation / Answer

Referring to phylogenetic tree in figure 1, A/taiwan/ 552/2011 is the closest to A/ taiwan1018/2011.

No, all the group have same number of branches or branches tips.

Group 7, was the earliest to cause H1N1

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