1. List and briefly define the 5 sources of ethics? (i.e. a person’s values). 2.
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Question
1. List and briefly define the 5 sources of ethics? (i.e. a person’s values).2. Based on your knowledge of the material in this course, define the managerial approach. Be sure to include the managerial approach’s three main themes.
1. List and briefly define the 5 sources of ethics? (i.e. a person’s values).
2. Based on your knowledge of the material in this course, define the managerial approach. Be sure to include the managerial approach’s three main themes.
2. Based on your knowledge of the material in this course, define the managerial approach. Be sure to include the managerial approach’s three main themes.
Explanation / Answer
Ethics is one of the most controversial subjects of philosophy, mainly because of its relation to our everyday lives. You can hardly find a person who has not postulated on what is “good” or “bad”, on what is “right” or “wrong”. My intention is not to present a full analysis of moral theory or to give any advice. The purpose of this article is to present the basic principles of ethics philosophy, so as to show the reader what are the main explanations of us wanting to do good (or bad)… Or in other words: the “source of ethics”.
The source of Ethics
Many philosophers tried to explain what “ethics” is and what is its source. However, as it is often the case with philosophers, agreement was not reached. The notion of “good” seems to elude most thinking people of our day, even though it is such a “common” term. It seems that the most basic concepts – like the one of “morality” which is the foundation of all human civilizations – are the hardest to define. And maybe that is why they are so much important… The main theories are discussed below in summary, so as to give the reader the basis for his/ her own philosophical inquiries.
3.1 Ethics as human nature
Some philosophers thought of “goodness” as something ‘natural’ to humans. From their perspective, doing good is what we naturally do if we are brought up properly by our parents. Of course “properly” has many interpretations – however it is true that most of us agree to some “universal” and “basic” concepts of morality, like the “do not kill other people” principle – no matter what our other beliefs are.
One of the greatest philosophers, Socrates, posited that people will naturally do what is good, if they know what is right. Evil or bad actions, are the result of ignorance. If a criminal were truly aware of the mental and spiritual consequences of his actions, he would neither commit nor even consider committing them. Any person who knows what is truly right will automatically do it, according to Socrates. While he correlated knowledge with virtue, he similarly equated virtue with happiness. The truly wise man will know what is right, do what is good and therefore be happy. [2]The tool towards that “good” was self-knowledge. Socrates insisted that every person must reach into himself and learn himself (the infamous “Know thyself” <= Greek “????? ?’ ??????”). We must all turn our attention from the outside world to our inner “world” because this is the only way to know what is really “good” for us.
2 Ethics as “living good”
Aristotle follows Socrates and Plato in taking the virtues to be central to a well-lived life. Like Plato, he regards the ethical virtues (justice, courage, temperance and so on) as complex rational, emotional and social skills. But he rejects Plato’s idea that a training in the sciences and metaphysics is a necessary prerequisite for a full understanding of our good. What we need, in order to live well, is a proper appreciation of the way in which such goods as friendship, pleasure, virtue, honor and wealth fit together as a whole. In order to apply that general understanding to particular cases, we must acquire, through proper upbringing and habits, the ability to see, on each occasion, which course of action is best supported by reasons.
3 Ethics as an “a priori” truth
Some philosophers view ethics as an “a priori” truth, i.e. like something that we have embedded in us as “knowledge” prior to any physical or social experience (see “Religion and Science Unification” for more on “a priori” and “a posteriori” notions). That knowledge is what drives us into behaving good or bad during our lifes. Philosopher Kant played a major role in that part.
4 Ethics as selfish desires
One important area of moral psychology concerns the inherent selfishness of humans. 17th century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that many, if not all, of our actions are prompted by selfish desires. Even if an action seems selfless, such as donating to charity, there are still selfish causes for this, such as experiencing power over other people.
5 Ethics as a creation of society
Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior. The Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle: We should do to others what we would want others to do to us. Since I do not want my neighbor to steal my car, then it is wrong for me to steal her car. [4] Many people claim that being good is just a result of society calling you to behave in a certain way.
Managerial approach to agricultural marketing evaluates marketing from management point of view. It deals with the management of the 4-Ps of Marketing or what is known as the Marketing Mix. The 4-Ps of marketing are product, place, price and promotion. However, the management of the 4-P’s of marketing is influenced by the environment under which a firm operates in. Such environment can be technological, political, economic and socio-cultural. In this topic an attempt is made to unpack the key features of the marketing mix and associated environmental constraints.
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