4. Describe normal and abnormal heart sounds. a. What are common causes for each

Question

4. Describe normal and abnormal heart sounds. a. What are common causes for each abnormal sound? b. What is the pathophysiology causing each of these abnormal sounds? 5. Prioritize five assessments you believe would be most important for this patient. Why did you choose these and prioritize them in this way? 6. What is the difference between abnormal and significant findings? 7. What supportive emotional measures can the nurse provide a hospitalized patient? 8. What are the components of a functional assessment? Why is this important for this patient? 9. Do you think this patient will be able to return home and care for herself? Why or why not?

Explanation / Answer

4). Abnormal heart sounds:

a, b). Tachycardia: Increase in heart rate is known as tachycardia. In general, it does not affect the cardiac functioning, but persistent tachycardia affects the cardiac functioning, and it is an indication of cardiac abnormality.

Rhythm: The periodic contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle produce sound at specific intervals, which is known as cardiac rhythm. The rhythmic contractions of heart (produces lub-dup sounds) supply the blood to all the body parts. In a healthy adult, the normal heart rate is 72 beats per minute and this may increase or decreases depending upon the physiological changes. Any change in the cardiac rhythm indicates the cardiac abnormality.

The turbulent flow of blood in the vasculature that supplies blood to the brain is known as bruit. In the carotid artery, increased stenosis causes prolonged duration, increased intensity, and pitch of the bruit. A carotid bruit is different from the basal murmur but is often confused for one another.

Cardiac murmurs are the sounds produced by the flow of blood from heart valves, which can be heard by means of a stethoscope. The murmur may occur due to defects in the heart or due to the altered physiological conditions outside the heart.

The S3 and S4 are extra sounds of heart; these are produced in addition to the normal S1 and S2 sounds. The extra sounds are produced in normal healthy persons or under pathological conditions such as uncontrolled hypertension.

Bradycardia is the decrease in heart rate, which is an indication of hypotension and failure in cardiac reflex. However, this can occur in healthy individuals or under pathological conditions.

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