1. The approximate age of the solar system in years is _____________ . a. 4.5 mi
ID: 235179 • Letter: 1
Question
1. The approximate age of the solar system in years is _____________ .
a. 4.5 million c. 14 billion
b. 14 million d. 4.5 billion
2. What is the accepted theory behind how the Earth’s moon was formed?
a. Debris from a massive collision between Earth and another planetoid coalesced into the moon.
b. The Earth’s gravity captured a nearby asteroid moving freely in the early universe.
c. Molten material flung off the early Earth due to fast rotation, eventually solidifying into the moon.
d. The Earth and the Moon formed at the same time from separate material.
3. Into which layer of the Earth have humans drilled into?
a. Mantle c. Crust
b. Outer Core d. Inner Core
4. Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ____________.
a. in the middle of abyssal plains c. at the edges of continental shelves
b. along mid-ocean ridges d. along fracture zones
5. What causes Earth’s tectonic plates to move?
a. Earth’s rotation c. Mantle convection cells
b. Drag forces from wind and water currents d. Tidal forces from the Moon
6. Along which plate boundary can plates move in the same direction but at different velocities?
a. Convergent c. Transform
b. Divergent d. Unidirectional
7. With regard to minerals, hardness refers to ____________.
a. the ability to resist breaking when being struck with a hammer
b. the ability to resist being scratched by other substances
c. the ability to resist chemical reactions with other substances
d. an absence of cleavage
8. The most common minerals within the Earth are part of which chemical class?
a. Silicates c. Sulfates
b. Oxides d. Halides
9. Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?
a. felsic c. mafic
b. intermediate d. ultramafic
10. Which igneous rock texture best describes a rock without any crystals due to very rapid cooling?
a. Porphyritic c. Pyroclastic
b. Glassy d. Extrusive
11. Which type of melting occurs at subduction zones to form magma and volcanic arcs?
a. Hydrous flux melting c. Decompression melting
b. Pressure melting d. Hot spot melting
12. Lithified detritus forms which kind of sedimentary rock?
a. biochemical c. clastic
b. chemical d. organic
13. Diagenesis refers to ____________.
a. the development of layering within sedimentary rocks
b. the act of deposition of sediment that will ultimately form sedimentary rock
c. physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock
d. The act of changing a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock
14. Which list has the correct order of events/processes that all clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by (going from break down of sediments to forming solid rock)?
a. Weathering, Transportation, Erosion, Lithification, Deposition
b. Erosion, Weathering, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification
c. Transportation, Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Lithification
d. Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification
e. Weathering, Deposition, Erosion, Transportation, Lithification
15. Metamorphism may be induced by ____________.
a. contact with a hot pluton
b. contact with hot groundwater
c. heat and pressure associated with deep burial
d. All of the above are correct
16. Which of the following processes CANNOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?
a. realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation
b. segregation of minerals into layers of different compositions
c. solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals
d. complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock
17. A mineral within a metamorphic rock that can be used to provide a narrow constraint on the temperature and pressure of formation of the rock is termed a(n) ____________.
a. thermomineral c. xenolithic mineral
b. index mineral d. porphryoblastic mineral
18. The alteration of rock by the circulation of hot fluids is referred to as _______________.
a. Diagenesis c. Pressure Solution
b. Metasomatism d. Recrystallization
19. What causes foliation to form?
a. Differential pressure/ compressional stress c. High temperatures near a pluton
b. High pressures from burial of material d. Diagenetic processes
20. Which type of seismic wave has the highest velocity?
a. L-wave c. R-wave
b. P-wave d. S-wave
21. The key to finding the location of an earthquake’s epicenter is measuring the ____________.
a. difference between the time that the P-wave arrives and the time that the S-wave arrives at the seismometer station
b. total time it takes for the P-wave and then the S-wave to arrive at the seismometer station
c. difference between the time the S-wave has reached one seismometer station and the time the S-wave has reached another station
d. difference between the time the P-wave has reached one seismometer station and the time the P-wave has reached another station
22. How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake?
a. one c. three
b. two d. four
23. Earthquakes are likely to occur along ____________.
a. convergent-plate boundaries only d. Only convergent and divergent boundaries
b. divergent-plate boundaries only e. All types of plate boundaries
c. transform-plate boundaries only
24. The angularity and sphericity of a grain best give clues to _____________ .
a. the composition of the source rock c. the place of origin of the grain
b. the distance from the source rock d. the energy of the surrounding environment
25. Basaltic lavas that solidify at their surface (before ceasing to flow) fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named ____________.
a. pahoehoe c. pumice
b. a’a’ d. hyaloclasite
26. Which type of lava would lead to the most explosive eruptions?
a. Ultramafic c. Carbonitite
b. Mafic d. Felsic
27. Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ____________ consist of alternating layers of
tephra and solidified lava.
a. stratovolcanoes c. shield volcanoes
b. cinder cones d. scoria cones
28. The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n) ____________.
a. island volcanic arc c. hot-spot island chain
b. continental volcanic arc d. stratovolcanic assembly
29. Which type of volcano results in effusive eruptions rather than explosions?
a. Shield volcano c. Cinder cone
b. Stratovolcano d. Composite volcano
30. Which statement about hot spots is FALSE?
a. Hot spots are primarily found along plate boundaries.
b. Magma or rock from a hot spot is thought to originate near the core mantle boundary.
c. The Hawaiian Island Chain was made by a hot spot.
d. Hot spots are thought to be stationary plumes of hot mantle rock within the mantle.
31. All of the following express processes of mineral formation except which?
a. Precipitation from an aqueous solution (e.g. seawater)
b. Crystallization from a melt
c. Solid state diffusion (high temperature and pressure)
d. Radioactive forces
32. Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during ____________.
a. erosion c. transport
b. lithification d. weathering
33. What causes some metamorphic rocks showcase a non-foliated texture as opposed to a foliated texture?
a. Non-foliated rocks metamorphose at low temperatures
b. The large chemical supply allows for non-foliated texture
c. The crystals are equant have have no preferred orientation.
d. Most rocks cooling rapidly; therefore if cooled slowly, foliation occurs.
34. What does Bowen’s Reaction Series describe?
a. How certain materials undergo weathering
b. Why certain minerals are found in metamorphic rocks
c. The order of crystallization of minerals in a cooling body of magma
d. The type of plate boundary that forms at a particular geographic setting on Earth’s surface
Explanation / Answer
d
a after the formation of earth, a mars sized planetoid collided with earth. the resulting debris is formed into moon
c because of high geothermal gradients, drilling can done only upto 12km of earth
b
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