SCI201 Unit 4 Individual Project For this assignment, complete all of the sectio

Question

SCI201 Unit 4 Individual Project

For this assignment, complete all of the sections on this worksheet, and submit it to the Submitted Assignments area of the classroom.

Introduction

A good paper should start with background information on the topic to be discussed, define important terms, and explain why the topic is important to the reader. For this assignment’s introduction, you will answer the following questions:

What is municipal solid waste?

How was waste dealt with before industrialization?

Why did this process have to change?

Body of Paper

The body of your paper should consist of several paragraphs, one to address each of the main topics of your paper. For this week’s assignment, address the following points with at least 1 paragraph each:

Describe an open dump. What environmental problems do open dumps cause?

Describe an early landfill, and how these differ from open dumps. What problems are associated with early landfills? This should include a discussion of leachate, methane, incomplete decomposition, and settling.

Describe a modern landfill. What are the differences as compared to early landfills?

Choose 1 of the following landfills, and explain the innovations being implemented to make the landfill more productive and to reduce its environmental impact:

Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa

Puente Hills Landfill, California

Altamont Landfill, California

Tessman Road Landfill, Texas

Conclusion

Below, write 1 paragraph summarizing the information above and what you learned from this assignment.

References

Include at least 1 reference that you used in your assignment. Every reference in this list must be cited above as an in-text citation. If you are not sure how to format a reference or in-text citation you can review the CTU Style Guide.

Explanation / Answer

SCI201 Unit 4 Individual Project

For this assignment, complete all of the sections on this worksheet, and submit it to the Submitted Assignments area of the classroom.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

A good paper should start with background information on the topic to be discussed, define important terms, and explain why the topic is important to the reader. For this assignment’s introduction, you will answer the following questions:

In modern world managing municipal solid waste effectively is a very big task. It is a least liked activity but has major effect on environment and human life. So each government must take all the measures to in safe and hygiene method of handling waste dump. Modern land fill methods, reuse of gas they generating and avoiding their contamination of water, air and fauna and flora may solve all the problems.

What is municipal solid waste?

Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately.

How was waste dealt with before industrialization?

Before the Industrial Revolution, until the end of the nineteenth century, there was little or no concept of “trash” in the United States. In a children’s book, when the word wastebasket was used, the author made sure to define it, because many readers had never seen one. Every bit of house, kitchen, shop, or farm scrap was reused, remade, or traded with the peddlers who traveled the nation with backpacks or wagons. Containers that purchased goods came in, and that were not returnable for reuse by the manufacturer of the product, had many reuses in the home. Barrels became upholstered chairs, their hoops used as toys to roll with a stick. Packing crates became furniture – tables, footstools, bookshelves and more. Grain sacks became clothing, towels, and curtains. Purple paper, in which certain soap was wrapped, was used for its dye to color the sacks. When an item was of no further use, Yankee and Jewish peddlers collected paper, rags, rubber, bones, hides, and metal from households, in trade for needed sale items. They sent the bags of materials to central collection points where they were sold to paper mills and other industries that depended on them for the creation of new products. There was a consciousness of “objects” rather than trash, and every item had a destination and use. ii In the cities, wastewater and other materials were often thrown out windows, and goats, pigs, and dogs roamed, feeding on the scraps. Poor children called “swill children” also roamed the streets and garbage dumps, searching for items to be eaten or sold.

Why did this process have to change?

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution came the concept of “consumer” as more middle-class households began to buy goods that had new kinds of packaging. The concept of “trash” grew with the development of municipal waste collection and disposal. The rationality of “hygiene” was created in the field of home economics, and unwanted or unused items were deemed not healthy to keep around, especially in the cities. Throwing packaging away became seen as more sanitary than storing and reusing it. Municipalities were faced with increasing amounts of waste, and “sanitary reform” became a political, economic, and public health issue for those who governed.

Body of Paper

The body of your paper should consist of several paragraphs, one to address each of the main topics of your paper. For this week’s assignment, address the following points with at least 1 paragraph each:

Describe an open dump.

Open dumps are locations where illegally dumped, abandoned piles of waste/garbage and debris are left in noticeable quantities. Fines are a common punishment for a person caught dumping at an open dump. Open dumps are commonly found in forests, backyards, abandoned buildings. Open dumps are sometimes removed shortly after they are created, most will persist for an indefinite amount of time when the site is situated in public space without adequate public services or in the wilderness.

What environmental problems do open dumps cause?

Significant modifications happens in the soil properties of the dumping sites. Soils at the disposal sites showed high pH, TDS and EC regime in comparison to control sites. Various heavy metal concentrations i.e., Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (Zn) were also found to be higher at the dumping sites except for Cadmium (Cd) which had a higher value in control site.

contamination of water may occur when leachate from the dump, via flow paths (on or under the surface) reaches groundwater or surface water. Waste is sometimes deposited directly into water at dump sites resulting in the direct contamination of surface water. Furthermore, sites are often located in areas where the land quality is poor and marshy. many contaminants (especially heavy metals) are trapped in the soils beneath dump sites risking long-term contamination and restricting the potential after-use of the site. landfilled organic waste may contribute to the greenhouse effect via emissions of carbon dioxide and methane. However, in the case of the open dump, the predominate gas emitted is carbon dioxide as aerobic conditions prevail. uncontrolled burning of solid waste (particularly certain types of plastics) releases smoke and gaseous contaminants into the air. The smoke commonly contains particulates, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other contaminant gases, including low levels of dioxins all of which can be hazardous to health. Odour from the generation of hydrogen sulphide may also be problematic. fauna in and around dump sites may be impacted, either by direct consumption of the solid waste, or by consumption of contaminated plants and/or animals, or as a result of leachate effects on groundwater and surface water. plants near open dump sites can be impacted directly by the waste, dust or smoke from burning. dumps tend to affect the type and number of plants in the area and the presence of dead vegetation is often associated with the zone of direct impact around them. Dead vegetation is normally due to trampling by foot, vehicle or animals, but may also be the result of direct contamination by waste or leachate, the migration of gasses, or as a result of burning or smoke.

Describe an early landfill, and how these differ from open dumps.

Early landfills had significant problems with leachate and methane, but those have largely been resolved at facilities built since about the early 1970s. Early landfills took the place of those dumps, with no effort to compact or cover up the waste. Over the last few decades, these dumps have been replaced with landfills which are more sophisticated in design and regulated in every aspect, from siting to filling to closing. Modern landfills are constructed with a number of safeguards, including clay or plastic lining to contain leachate. The waste is typically compacted in order to increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent any attraction of pests. As organic waste decomposes it generates gases, including methane which is a greenhouse gas. As portions of a landfill (called cells) are closed, pipes are often installed to vent or incinerate the gases before they can diffuse into the ground, increasing the risk of explosion. The gas can also be collected and used to generate electricity.

Open dumps expose to environment, contribute in spoiling air, soil, water, attract insects and harmful to human life. Landfills are capped pits with planned dumping method where dumps are constructed, walls lined not to contaminate soil, water, and air. Even the gases generated also used for electric power generation

What problems are associated with early landfills? This should include a discussion of leachate, methane, incomplete decomposition, and settling.

Describe a modern landfill. What are the differences as compared to early landfills?

As the number of landfills increase the likelihood of leaks increases five-fold.

The two main environmental problems we face as a result of landfills are:

1. Air pollution - emissions into atmosphere

2. Ground Water pollution - emissions into water

The major issue caused with landfill leachates is the leakage of a large number of toxins into fresh water waterways, which ultimately end up in our homes as drinking water or water for everyday use.

The methane produced by the rotting organic matter in unmanaged landfills is 20 times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat from the sun.

Choose 1 of the following landfills, and explain the innovations being implemented to make the landfill more productive and to reduce its

environmental impact:

Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa

The Mariannhill Landfill opened in 1997, was awarded National Conservancy status in 2002, and registered as a Clean Development Mechanism in 2006. The technologies at the landfill site are combined in an innovative way, tying together waste management, recycling and biodiversity conservation. The so-called ‘closed-loop system’ provides treatment for leachate, and electricity from degassed methane helping to realize South Africa’s emission reductions. Rehabilitation is on-going, rather than after-the-fact, and indigenous plants and soil are saved and later used to restore the surrounding land.

Conclusion

Below, write 1 paragraph summarizing the information above and what you learned from this assignment.

In Olden days dump generated from households were mostly reused so which avoided dumping waste. As the population is increasing the amount of dump increasing and its effect on environment also increased. The modern method of landfill is the best solution to avoid pollution by waste dumps.

References

Include at least 1 reference that you used in your assignment. Every reference in this list must be cited above as an in-text citation. If you are not sure how to format a reference or in-text citation you can review the CTU Style Guide.

Recultivating the Aemilienhausen Landfill

Completed in time with Secudrain®

When compared to traditional landfill-capping systems, a geosynthetic drainage system used within a landfill surface seal offers a number of advantages, such as high-quality standards, low cost and markedly faster progress in construction. NAUE’s geosynthetic drainage system Secudrain® R201Z WD601Z R201Z combines filtration, protection and drainage in a single product. It possesses a long-lasting, high- water drainage capability as well as a high resistance to chemical and microbial influences.

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