Questions 1-7 23 REVIEW Check Your Understanding Critical Thinking and Applicati

Question

Questions 1-7 23 REVIEW Check Your Understanding Critical Thinking and Application Questions to 1 Peritonitis is an Why do you think this condition might be difficult infection of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity. treat? Why would this condition have wide-ranging effects on the abdominal organs? 2 Explain how the structures of the epithe and muscularis of the small intestine, stomach, and esophagus follow their functions. 3 The condition known as heartburn is most often caused by acid regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus. Why do you think the acid tends to burn the esophagus and produce pain but does not similarly burn the stomach? System I UNIT 23 i 585

Explanation / Answer

1)

Peritoneum is the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of our abdominal organs. Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum; Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi, if left untreated, peritonitis can rapidly spread into the blood (sepsis) and to other organs, resulting in multiple organ failure and death. Peritonitis can be of two main types; primary spontaneous peritonitis, an infection that develops in the peritoneum; and secondary peritonitis, which usually develops when an injury or infection in the abdominal cavity allows infectious organisms into the peritoneum. Both types of peritonitis are life-threatening.

The most common risk factors for primary spontaneous peritonitis include:

Liver disease with cirrhosis . Such disease often causes a buildup of abdominal fluid (ascites) that can become infected.

Kidney failure getting peritoneal dialysis. This technique, which involves the implantation of a catheter into the peritoneum, is used to remove waste products in the blood of people with kidney failure. It's linked to a higher risk of peritonitis due to accidental contamination of the peritoneum by way of the catheter.

Common causes of secondary peritonitis include:

    A ruptured appendix, diverticulum, or stomach ulcer

    Digestive diseases such as Crohn's disease and diverticulitis

    Pancreatitis

    Pelvic inflammatory disease

    Perforations of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, or appendix

    Surgery

    Trauma to the abdomen, such as an injury from a knife or gunshot wound.

2)

The esophagus, stomach and the small intestine are part of the gastro intestinal tract and have similar structure; all these organs are made of an inner mucosal layer and an outer muscular layer. The muscular layer in these three parts are the same, and is made of smooth muscles, which is involuntary in action and help move the food down the digestive tract by peristaltic movement. Whereas the mucosal layer of esophagus is made of stratified squamous epithelium and the main function is to push the food down the esophagus to stomach. The mucosal layer of stomach is made of simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits; this layer secretes the gastric juice in to the stomach and also protects the stomach wall from self digestion. The mucosal layer of small intestine is also made of simple columnar epithelium which has microvilli whose main function is to absorb digested food nutrients from the intestinal lumen.

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