12. During what stage of urine formation is glucose transferred from the tubule
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12. During what stage of urine formation is glucose transferred from the tubule to the peritubular capillary network? 13. What blood contents are too big to pass through the glomerular wall and enter the filtrate? 14. What appears in the urine of someone with diabetes mellitus besides glucose? Thought Questions 15. If someone has high blood pressure, they might be prescribed a beta blocker medication to lower the heart rate or a medication that dilates blood vessels. Explain why lower blood pressure results from treatment with either kind of medication. 16. Why would someone with emphysenn complain of shortness of breath and have difficulty climbing stairs? Why would regular exercise be recoended for someone with emphysema? lict the results (pH and substances present) of a urinalysis on an individual following a high protein, low carbohydrate diet. Explain.Explanation / Answer
12. Selective Reabsorption.
Reason: There are three steps of urine formation namely filtration, selective reabsorption and secretion. It is in the second stage the glucose gets reabsorbed in the peritubular capillaries.
13. RBC and WBC.
Reason: RBCs and WBCs are too big to pass through the filtration process.
14. Microalbumin.
Reason: During diabetes the kidneys can get damaged and hence some small proteins (microalbumin) are also secreted along with glucose.
15.
In the case of beta blockers, they work by blocking the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) which results in slower beating of the heart with lesser force. Hence the blood pressure is reduced.
In the other case, when the blood capillaries are dilated the blood pressure automatically reduces. (Imagine sending same amount of fluid from a small diameter pipe and a larger diameter pipe. The larger diameter will experience lesser pressure.)
16. Shortness of breath implies shortness of oxygen to the body. When the person is doing an energy intensive work such as climbing the stairs then his/her body needs more oxygen and that is why the person feels shortness of breath. Regular exercise improves the person's stamina, muscle strength, circulation and the ability to utilize oxygen. Hence, regular exercise is recommended.
17.
The pH of the urine will be reduced due to ketosis.
In low carb high protein diet the body is rapidly consuming body fat and converting fatty acids into ketones. These ketones are used for energy production but the byproduct is the reduced urine pH.
Since more protein is utilized, more urea is created. Hence more water is taken out of the body to remove that urea. Therefore, higher urine volumes are observed in low carb high protein diet.
Interestingly some calcium ions are also lost through the urine in this diet but the exact mechanism of calcium loss is not well understood. But this definitely affects bone density.
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