1. Who Lamarck? What did he have to say about the evolution of life? was 2. Can
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Question
1. Who Lamarck? What did he have to say about the evolution of life? was 2. Can you explain the basics of Lamarckian evolution? 3. What is natural selection? Do you understand the evidence supporting the idea of natural selection as a mechanism for evolutionary change? 4. What is a phylogeny? Do you understand what a phylogeny represents? Could you label the descendants, the ancestors on a tree? 5. What was the evidence Darwin used to support the idea of descent with modification? Why does it happen? 6. Adaptive radiation. What is it? Examples? 7. What is some of the modern research examples that support the idea of natural selection? 8. Three conditions of natural selection. 9. What is evolutionary fitness? What its components? 10. Understand and know the different kinds of selection and the role they play in either maintaining or homogenizing variation in populations. 11. Where does variation in form come form in the first place? What are the mechanisms that promote variation among individuals? 12. Explain the fallacy of needs-based evolution.Explanation / Answer
Answer 1:
Lamarck was a french naturalist,early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
Answer 2: Lamarckian evolution:
Lamarck stressed two main themes in his biological work.
The first was that the environment gives rise to changes in animals. He cited examples of blindness in moles, the presence of teeth in mammals and the absence of teeth in birds as evidence of this principle.
The second principle was that life was structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make it possible for the organic movements of animals.
Answer 3: Natural Selection:
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.
Answer 4:
phylogeny:
1.
the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms.
2.
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, especially as depicted in a family tree.
Phylogeny represents Phylogeny, the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms. Fundamental to phylogeny is the proposition, universally accepted in the scientific community, that plants or animals of different species.
Answer 5:
Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.
it happened because He probably first began to wonder about descent with modification in about 1838. He spent the next two decades simply thinking about creatures and how they varied. He wrote thousands of letters, to gardeners, foresters, naturalists, geologists, explorers, curators and keepers, asking questions, and then asking supplementary questions. He wondered about why coral atolls formed and what strange specimens pigeon fanciers could breed, the enormous variation in the domestic dog, the effect of earthworms on the ground in which they lived, and the life cycle of the barnacle. (In 1859, the year of Origin of Species, he received the Geological Society's highest honour, for his work on barnacles and his study of the geology of the Andes.) He only consented to publication because a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, exploring in the Malay archipelago, proposed an almost identical idea. Darwin, a man with a conscience, insisted on a joint paper, to be presented to the Linnaean Society, so that two people could share the honour of one of the most important scientific discoveries ever made. However, only one is remembered.
Answer 6:
Adaptive radiation:
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches.
Example:
An example of adaptive radiation would be the avian species of the Hawaiian honeycreepers. Via natural selection, these birds adapted rapidly and converged based on the different environments of the Hawaiian islands.
Answer8:
Three conditions of natural selection:
Natural Selection (Darwin-Wallace): There are three conditions for natural selection:
1. Variation: Individuals within a population have different characteristics/traits (or phenotypes).
2. Inheritance: Offspring inherit traits from their parents. An offspring does not receive the same spectra of traits as either parent, but rather a mixture of both parents’ traits.
3. Competition: More offspring are produced than can survive, so offspring with traits better matched to the environment will survive and reproduce more effectively than others.
4. Natural selection states that given these three conditions, a population will accumulate the traits that enable more successful competition. “Origin of the species by means of natural selection” (Darwin, 1859) Darwin used several lines of evidence:
1. Artificial Selection was used as an analogy for natural selection: If humans can breed animals (dogs, horses, crops) for certain traits (tiny size, speed, high yield), then it makes sense that in a natural environment, nature would “select for” the traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce better.
2. Biogeography: Nested geographic distributions. Species that occur on islands are often closely related to species each other species on the nearby mainland. (Wallace also contributed a lot in terms of examples of adaptive radiation for island evolution. Repeated observations like this cemented the idea of descent with modification.) 3. Homology:
Answer 9:
evolutionary fitness:
Fitness is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes individual reproductive success and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool
Component is the survival of the fittest.
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