21. How does ATP behave as both a substrate and an allosteric inhibitor of PFK?

Question

21. How does ATP behave as both a substrate and an allosteric inhibitor of PFK?

22. What is an isozyme? What are the key differences between the isozymes hexokinase and glucokinase?

23. How is pyruvate kinase regulated in the muscle? How is this different from regulation in the liver? Describe both the allosteric and the covalent modifications in pyruvate kinase.

24. Describe the features of the 5 main members of the family of GLUT transporters.

25. What is the Warburg effect? What is the role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) in vascularization of tumors?

26. What factors lead to insulin release from the pancreas?

Explanation / Answer

Q22) Isozyme:- Multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction but differ from each other in their amino acid sequence composition, substrate affinity, Vmax and or regulatory properties are called or described as isozyme are aslo called isoenzymes

key differences between the isozymes hexokinase and glucokinase

- Glucokinase is present only in liver while as hexokinase is present in all tissues of the body.

- Glucokinase only becomes active when quantity of glucose is present in liver while as hexokinase remains active even at low glucose levels.

- Glucokinase has a high km value while as hexokinase has a low km value.

- Glucokinase is not an allosteric enzyme while as Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme.

- Glucokinase is induced by insulin while as Hexokinase is not induced by insulin.

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