1. The purpose of lactic acid fermentation is to: Select one: a. oxidize NADH to

Question

1. The purpose of lactic acid fermentation is to:

Select one:

a. oxidize NADH to regenerate the coenzyme

b. to reduce FAD

c. to convert pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A in preparatin for the reactions of the citric acid cycle

d. produce ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation

e. reduce NAD+ to allow for ATP production

2. Which of the following pathways has one or more decarboxylation steps?

Select one or more:

a. Alcohol fermentation

b. Electron transport chain

c. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

d. Citric acid cycle (Krebs)

e. Lactic acid fermentation

f. Glycolysis

3.Fatty acids enter the main catabolic pathways as:

Select one:

a. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

b. acetyl-coenzyme A (ACoA)

c. pyruvate

d. oxaloacetic acid

4.How many ATP are produced when a 18-carbon fatty acid is completely oxidized by a cell that has a steady supply of oxygen?

5.Which of the following is/are true of glycogenesis?

Select one or more:

a. It occurs when there is a high concentration of ATP in the cell.

b. It is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose monomers.

c. It occurs when there is a low concentration of ATP in the cell.

d. It is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose monomers.

e. It is the synthesis of glucose from lipids and proteins.

Explanation / Answer

1 "e" as lactic acid fermentation done by bacteria or muscles anaerobically in this process NAD+ allows to make ATP as energy source.

2 "d" decarboxylation means removal of CO2, in the kreb cycle or citric acid cycle , in kreb cycle when isocitrate is oxidized by NAD+ it make alpha ketoglutarate and yield NADH and CO2. Alpha ketoglutarate undergoes decarboxylation to make succinyl CoA

3 "b" fatty acid enters as acetyl coenzyme A as it help in transporting across mitochondrial membrane and therefore it enters into catabolic pathway in form of ACoA

4 18 carbon fatty acid (stearic acid) yield 138 ATP as oxidation of 1 ACoA yield 12 ATP then 9 ACoA yield 108 ATP, oxidation of 8 NADH yield 20 ATP and 8 FADH yield 12 ATP and 2ATP is lost in activating the fatty acid so total 108 + 20 +12 -2= 138 ATP

5 "b" synthesis of glycogen from glucose monomer as glyco means glycogen and genesis means to generate..

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