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Q1/ Discuss devices that have been used to treat Parkinson’s disease.

Q2/ Discuss the limitations associated with electrode recording bio-potential signals.

Explanation / Answer

Q1. What is Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder, meaning that symptoms continue and worsen over time. The cause is unknown, and although there is presently no cure, there are treatment options such as medication and surgery to manage its symptoms.

Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. Parkinson's primarily affects neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. As PD progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, leaving a person unable to control movement normally.

The specific group of symptoms that an individual experience varies from person to person. Primary motor signs of Parkinson’s disease include the following.

Scientists are also exploring the idea that loss of cells in other areas of the brain and body contribute to Parkinson’s. For example, researchers have discovered that the hallmark sign of Parkinson’s disease — clumps of a protein alpha-synuclein, which are also called Lewy Bodies — are found not only in the mid-brain but also in the brain stem and the olfactory bulb.

These areas of the brain correlate to nonmotor functions such as the sense of smell and sleep regulation. The presence of Lewy bodies in these areas could explain the nonmotor symptoms experienced by some people with PD before any motor sign of the disease appears. The intestines also have dopamine cells that degenerate in Parkinson’s, and this may be important in the gastrointestinal symptoms that are part of the disease.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

The DBS system consists of three components:

Q2. Limitations associated with electrode recording bio-potential signals

Mechanical: The size of dry electrodes is not smaller than that of wet, but the spikes that make up
the electrode are. The use of smaller spikes that pierce the SC causes the reduction of the electrical
impedance at the cost of invasiveness. Table 1 shows some aspects of dry electrodes spike size.
The mechanical fixation, which does not differ from the wet ones (e.g., headbands, helmet, etc.),
needs improvements in terms of comfort and discretion to consider it a wearable solution.

Evaluation: In some studies, the electrical characteristics of the electrodes, including frequency
response, were not reported. Furthermore, comparisons with wet electrodes were not made, and
other critical details that would have enabled results to be reproduced were not given in some
studies. Instead, in some cases, dry electrodes were validated by visual correlation of specific EEG
features (e.g., energy in Alpha band or steady-state evoked potentials) with simple protocols such
as open-close eyes or gaze at a flickering stimulus. The latter suggests that the use of some dry
electrodes could not be extended beyond certain specific applications (e.g., Alpha-BCIs or
SSVEP-BCIs, respectively). Some of the procedures for comparison with wet electrodes are not free
from controversy. The same-place-different-time approach compares non-stationary signals
recorded at different times. The same-time-different-place approach compares EEG signals mainly generated
possibility ofby different population of neurons (where electrodes are quite spossibility of electrical bridges by gel spreading under the scalpdifficulties (where electrodes are close together) is
always present.

Usability: Several aspects such as preparation time and comfort, particularly for severely disabled people
in controlling who have greatin controlling  their heads, should be taken into account. Given their
current size, dry electrodes are not more comfortable than wet electrodes in this situation.
Extra work should be done to develop more comfortable fixation systems other than those already used
with wet electrodes. Regarding preparation time, dry electrodes potentially save time for the researcher
. However, the time needed to obtain stable signals has not been reported or contrasted with
electrodes are wet ones. For measures that take longer (e.g., video-EEG or sleep electrodes are
is thesuperior to wet, whose performance deteriorates as the gel dries. Another aspect to conis the
use of active electrodes. Since they convert a high impedance source into a low impedanc e
output, the signal quality is much less skin-impedance dependent. This permits their use without
gel. Therefore, the dry-active combination should be considered for a useful reduction in time.

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