need help in this please send a word file when work done Cell Biology ASSIGNMENT
ID: 207919 • Letter: N
Question
need help in this please send a word file when work done
Cell Biology ASSIGNMENT 2 Due on Friday March 9, 2018 at Midnight Each student will be assigned to a group and work on one of four papers. Group assignment is posted onD2L. For your assigned paper you will Summarize the context,the main objective(s), and the major findings of the paper. Investigate, describe and discuss in detail the methods used and results reportedfor one ortwo selectedfigure(s) of your paper. Discuss one specifictechníque used for the experiments reported in the assignedfigure(s). Describe the experiments perfommed to generate the data shown in the assignedfigure(s). Describe and discuss the results shown in the assignedfigures . . · . . Refer to the tables below and tasks 1 to 6 for details. roup Assigned Paper AssignedAssigned Figure(s) Key Technique GroupA Lin, BJ, Tsao, SHChen, A, Hu, SK, Chao, L, and Fig. 1 and Superresolution Microscopy Chao, PHG (2017) Lipid rafts sense and direct electric Fig. 2 field-induced migration. PNAS 114: 8568-8573 Pulldown Experiment Group BSkruzny, M, Brach, T, Ciuffa, R, Rvbina, S Fig. 3 Wachsmuth, M, and Kaksonen, M (2012) Molecular basis for coupling the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton during clatbrin-mediated endocytosis. PNAS 109: E2533-E2542 Group CChambelain, LH, Burgoyne, RD, and Gould, GW Fig. 2A Immunoblot Experiment (2001) SNARE proteins are highly enriched in lipid rafts in PC12 cells: Implications for the spatial control of exocytosis. PNAS 98: 5619-5624 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Pules-Chase Experiment Group DHeino, S, Lusa, S, Somerhariu, P, Ebnholm, C, Qlkkonen, VM, andlkonen, E (2000) Dissecting the role of the Golgi complex and lipid rafts in biosynthetic transportof cholesterol to the cell surface. PNAS 97 8357-8380 It is mandatory thatyour assignment submission is basedon the assignedpaper, figure(s) and techniqueExplanation / Answer
TASK 1
Summary
Endogenous electric fields (EFs) have significant role in the development and wound healing of cells. Cell migration is an important process in the development of organs. Electric signals guide cell migration and wound healing (Song et al. 2007). In the paper, how cells detect the external EF has been emphasised. Membrane proteins are the molecules which respond to the electrophoretic and electroosmotic signals. However, it has also been observed that changing the specific charge of surface proteins do not make much difference in the cell migration motility nor the directionality in EFs. Glycolipids sense the EFs and control the polarization of membrane proteins and intracellular signalling. Lipid rafts are the primary sensor that respond to EF. The raft structure is stabilized by the clustering and activation of caveolin and signalling proteins. These molecule also further activates rho and PI3K proteins. The results show fundamental mechanism of cell electrosensing and lipid raft mechanotransduction.
Main objectives
To prove that lipid rafts are the primary sensor to EF simulation due to its charge and ability to coalesce.
To study the preferential distribution of lipid rafts in EF.
How EF polarizes membrane proteins and leads to direction cell migration?
Main findings
EFs induce the cell migration which is required for wound healing, development and metastasis. Lipid rafts are the primary sensing molecules in EF-induced cell polarization and migration. Lipid rafts polarize, coalesce, and partition integrin and Cav membrane proteins. Raft, integrin, and Cav have important role in downstream intracellular signalling. RhoA and PI3K further polarize the cell for directed migration.
Figure explanation
Figure 1 shows how the applied EF directs cell migration and lipid raft polarization. This shows the movement of fluorescent labelled lipid rafts to electricity. Lipid rafts are the primary sensor of EF.
Figure 2 shows the lipid raft polarization in applied AC and DC fields. It shows the migration of cell due to raft polarization.
Reference
Song, B., Y. Gu, J. Pu, B. Reid, Z. Zhao, and M. Zhao. 2007. “Application of direct current electric fields to cell and tissues in vitro and modulation of wound electric field in vivo.” Nature Protocols 2 (6): 1479-1489.
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