please answer all the questions 16. regarding the expression of MHC proteins on
ID: 206629 • Letter: P
Question
please answer all the questions
16. regarding the expression of MHC proteins on the surface of cells, the level of expression can be enhanced by exposure to cytokines.
a. what is one cytokine that can do this?
b. what is the advantage of enhanced MHC protein expression?
17. how can a professional APC be distinguished from a non-professional APC? In OTHER words, what is the difference ?
18. even though MHC class I and class II proteins are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, they present peptides derived from proteins that originate in different cellular compartments.
what compartments?
Class I
Class II
19. for the following types of pathogens, indicate which class of MHC will present the majority of its antigens, and explain why.
a. worms
i. MHC class
ii. why
Virus
,MHC Class
why ?
20 . cross presentation is a process that only one type of cell normally does.
what cell?
What is cross presemtation ?
21. if a person was unable to express the HLA-DM protein, how would that impact antigen presentation?
22. limited genetic diversity is a serious issue for endangered species because they are at greater risk of extinction due to infectious disease. What is an immunological mechanism to explain this?
23. regarding a complementarity determining region.
a. what is another term used to describe these regions?
b. what molecules are they found in ?
c. on what cells would you find these structures?
d. what are they complementary to?
24. the antigens in grafted tissue that stimulate rejection in less than twenty days are encoded in what part of the genome?
25. what antibody isotope is found in highest concentration in ..
a. serum
b. feces
26. at least two signal are required to activate both B and T cells so they can differentiate into effector cells.
A. signal 1:
b. signal 2:
27. how is avidity different from affinity?
28. a linear epitope ( determinant) is strucrally different from a conformational epitope. What is the difference?
29. last week, a b cell in your body started producing an IgM ANTIBODY AGAINST AN ANTIGEN IN A vaccine that the university required you to receive. Today, that same B cells starts making an IgGI antibody with exactly the same epitope specificity as in the IgM IT USED TO MAKE. EXPLAIN WHAT CHANGED ABOUT THE ANTIBODY.
Explanation / Answer
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16. regarding the expression of MHC proteins on the surface of cells, the level of expression can be enhanced by exposure to cytokines.
a. what is one cytokine that can do this? IFN is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. When cells are treated with IFN there is a marked increased in MHC proteins.
b. what is the advantage of enhanced MHC protein expression?
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