Answer what you can without the textbook please :) thanks! 6a. Some Americans ha

Question

Answer what you can without the textbook please :) thanks!

6a. Some Americans have become suspicious of vaccines, and think they are unduly risky. Sometimes, arguments are made that the diseases for which we vaccinate, including chickenpox and whooping cough, are not so bad, and thus it is better to just risk getting the illness than risking side effects from those vaccines. However, this argument does not hold up when we consider that some people in the population are vulnerable to these diseases, including babies who have not yet been vaccinated, elderly people in whom vaccine protection may decline, and immunodeficient individuals (those undergoing chemo or infected with HIV). Page 3 of your textbook explains how vaccination can protect such individuals. What is the principle involved, and how does it work?  

6b. The challenge with vaccination is to introduce an immune challenge or antigen that fully elicits the immune memory that a natural infection causes, but that does not actually cause disease. Sometimes, the strategy used is to vaccinate people with “attenuated” forms of the micro-organism. Jenner’s cowpox vaccine could be considered a form of attenuated vaccine because people were injected with a live virus, but one that did not cause serious disease. Use of attenuated poxviruses for smallpox vaccination was routine through the early 1970s. But now, smallpox vaccination for children has been discontinued (although healthcare workers still sometimes get it). Why has routine smallpox vaccination ended?

6c. While successful vaccines have been developed for a great many infectious diseases, there remain some diseases for which successful vaccines remain elusive. AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are the 3 biggest, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was founded in 2002 to accelerate the development of treatments and vaccines for these diseases. Who and what are some of the big founders, organizers, and donors of this organization?  

6d. Your textbook discusses the BCG vaccine on pages 565 and 578. Against what disease is BCG vaccination intended to protect? Is it an attenuated vaccine? What are the drawbacks of this vaccine?   

Explanation / Answer

Q)6)a)Vaccines are the products which protect people from diseases like chicken pox, influenza (flu), and polio. It works well In persons like immunodeficient individuals (those undergoing chemo or infected with HIV ), babies who were not yet vaccinated , and in elderly people. Exposure to a very weak live virus may cause illness in them because their immune system is weak.

Genarally in body immune system uses several cell components to fight infection. Blood contains red blood cells, for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs, and white or immune cells, for fighting infection. These white cells are made up of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Macrophages.

Macrophages are white blood cells, they engulf and digest germs, as well as dead or dying cells. The macrophages leave parts of the invading germs called antigens. The body identifies antigens as dangerous and stimulates the body to attack them.

Antibodies attack these antigens left behind by the macrophages. Antibodies are produced by defensive white blood cells called B-lymphocytes.

T-lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell. They attack cells in the body which are already infected.

When for the first time the body encounters a germ, it takes several days to use the germ-fighting components to required to fight the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers, how to protect the body against that disease, T-lymphocytes act as memory cells, when next time body gets infected by the same germs .Body detects the antigens and, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them.

But when the immune system becomes week due to some diseases ar in aged persons or in small babies, vaccination is required because , vaccines help the body to develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, do not cause illness, but it instructs the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies.

Q6)b) Routine vaccination of American people, against smallpox was stopped in 1972 because the disease was eradicated in the United States. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox was eliminated. For this, the people do not require protection from this disease so the vaccination was ended.

Q6)c) Global fund was founded by Bill Gates ,Milinda Gates, Amir attran, Kofi Annan, Jeffrey Suchs. It was founded in 2002, It is a joint partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and people affected by the diseases.  It is a financing institution, giving support to countries to eradicate AIDS , TB, Malaria diseases. Bill gates was the first private donor to provide seed money for this Fund . Public sector gives 95% and 5% contributed by Private sector for this purpose.

Largest contributor is United States, followed by France, Japan, Germany, UK.

Q)6)d)

BCG is Bacillus Calmette-Guerin , is a live bacterial vaccine used against Tuberculosis.

BCG is an attenuated vaccine, an attenuated vaccine is a vaccine prepared by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but keeping the pathogen alive. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent.

Draw backs of BCG :-

BCG has limited effectiveness against TB in adults, BCG vaccination can interfere with the interpretation of the tuberculin test which is used to screen the people ,at the risk of infection, it is less effective in preventing the TB which affects the lungs.

Vaccination causes a sore, which is an indication of successful vaccination, this sore remains for some time, and care should be taken so that the wound should not get infected.

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