Essay 1. Discuss the role of enzymes in cells and how they are regulated: Please

Question

Essay 1. Discuss the role of enzymes in cells and how they are regulated: Please include: 1. What they are, what they look like, what they do, how they do it, the role of amino acid side chains, binding sites (active site and allosteric sites), transition states, and protein tertiary structure (and domains). Explain the ways that gene expression, compartmentalization, allosteric regulation( positive and negative), phosphorylation, and Temperature/pH contribute to enzyme regulation. Describe the activities of lysozyme and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in 2. 3. cells.

Explanation / Answer

Ans. Ezymes are protein based macromolecules which serves as a biological catalyst and accelerates the chemical reaction.The enzymes are made up of amino acids which are linked by the peptide chain resulting in polypeptide bondage. The amino acid side chain is an active site responsible for the binding of substrates. The active site of the enzyme is region specific for binding of substrates and resulting in initiating activity. The active site comprises of temporary bonds for binding of moeities and residues which catalyse tyhe reaction. Allosteric enzymes changes their conformational structure after binding with the substrate. The transition state is defined as the state which causes configurational change and corresponds to the highest energy potential for the reaction to occur. Tertiary protein is a three dimensional structure with a single polypeptide chain serving as a backbone and with one or more secondary protein structures.

Proteins are the resultant end products of gene expressions which starts with DNA and is a step by step procedure comprising of transcription, translation, chain elongation and termination.The site other than the active site to which an effector bounds resulting in an conformational change of the enzyme is known as allosteric regulation. If the allosteric regulation results in the iinactive enzyme it is known as negative regulation and if the effector bounds and it initiates an activity then it is known as positive regulation. As enzymes are proteinous in nature and increase in temperature and pH would result in denaturation of the proteins and loss of activity.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase functions as cell redox sensor and is responsible for the cell adhesion and membrane permeability functions. It serves for the breakdown of glucose to energy molecules and carbon compound. Lysozyme breaks the chemical bond in the outer cell and is characterised by breaking of the peptidoglycan bond.

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