39. What molecules can readily cross the biological membranes. Why? 40. What mol

Question

39. What molecules can readily cross the biological membranes. Why? 40. What molecules cannot permeate the membrane bilayer? Why? 41. What is osmotic pressure? Explain 42. What is tonicity? Give examples 43. Explain the relationship between initial rate of diffusion and substrate gradient in facilitated diffusion vs simple diffusion 44. What are the functions of different classes of ATPases? 45. What stimuli gate ion channels? Explain how they do it 46. What do you measure in voltage clamp experiments? 47. Explain different configurations of patch clamp experiments. 48. How do you make an amplitude histogram for single channel recording experiment? 49. You have 2 pA, 4 pA, and 7 pA channels in your patch. Draw an amplitude histogram 50. Explain the mechanism of maintaining mucus fluidity and the role of CFTR in it 51. Explain what being a chemortoph and a phototroph means 52. List and briefly explain the types of biological work, give examples 53. Explain the first and the second laws of thermodynamics, give an example in biological systems 54. Show and explain how free energy of the system changes in an exergonic reaction 55. Explain why the system in equilibrium has the lowest free energy. Give an example 56. Explain how thermal activation of chemical reactions work 57. Explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 58. Compare thermal and enzymatic activation of chemical reactions, point out the similarities and the differences 59. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to production and binding of channel-activating ligands was disproved by Nilius et al 60. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to the channel undergoing 61. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to channels sensing 62. Explain the properties of TRPM8 channel structural rearrangements leading to channel opening was disproved by Nilius et al temperature-dependet lipid bilayer rearrangement was disproved by Nilius et al 3. Explain the properties of TRPV1 channel 64. Explain the principle of temperature sensing by ion channels

Explanation / Answer

39. Hydrophobic molecules like fats, lipids can easily cross the plasma membrane. Because they easily dissolved in the plasma membrane

40. Hydro phylic molecules like water, ions and charged molecules can't directly cross the membrane . It is because they are not dissolved in Plasma membrane

41. Osmotic pressure is the potential generated in the solvent by the addition of Solute. For water by the addition of solutes Like sugar or salt their osmotic pressure increase . Hypertonic solution has high Osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure difference play vital role in osmosis. It has importance in transpiration , photosynthesis etc.

42. Toxicity is the measure of the two potential effective osmotic potential gradients that possess different water potential values. Based on toxicity solutions categories into 3 types: Hyper tonic (High Concentration . Hypotonic (Low Concentration . Isotonic (Same Concentration)

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