According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Infertility is the inability to

Question

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause. In this assignment, you are to research on ONE of the topic below: (a) Genetic factors that cause infertility in male and female (b) Environmental factors that cause infertlity in male and female (c) General diseases that increase the risk of infertility in male and female (d) Age-related factors, contributing to infertility in female (e) Low semen quality, contributing to infertlity in male Your assignment should include: 1. Introduction 2. Content 3. Conclusion 4. Appendices 5. References

Explanation / Answer

The male an female fertility affects close to 50 million couples worldwide according to a recent world health organisation estimate. Many of 25-30% of couples with ideopathic infertility likely for a genetic etiology for their condition . Genetic and genomic causes of infertility can be divided into cytogenetic anomalies , gene defects, and epigenetic abrrances.

The discussion on male genetic infertility , the genetic factors impairing spermatogenesis and includes numerical chromosomal anomalies such as Klinefelter syndrome, structural chromosomal anomalies such as Y- Chromosome microdeletion, certain single gene mutation, syndrome disease and epigenetic mutations.

The discussion of female infertility includes chromosomal anomalies like Turner syndrome , as well as genetic and epigenetic mutations identified as causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, premature ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, and polycystic ovaries syndrome.

In conclusion, new genetic testing methods have significantly advanced our knowledge of the genetic basis of male and female infertility.however, the list of known candidate abnormalities is not exhaustive, and further research is required to understand how each candidate mutation influences fertility.

Infertility is a complex, heterogeneous disorder that is influenced by many biological factors, which can effect the male, female, or both partners. In 2010, the world health organisation (WHO) estimated that 48.5 million couples worldwide were infertile , with a rising prevalence due to a growing world population . According to the American society for reproductive medicine , when a cause for infertility is identified among heterosexual couples of reproductive age , it is due to a male factor in third of cases , due to a female factor in another third , and the remaining third are due to combined male and female factors. However , in approximately 25-30% of couples , no cause in identified and the infertility is considered ideopathic.

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