1. Calculate the output voltage due to each bit independently (with all the othe

Question

1. Calculate the output voltage due to each bit independently (with all the other voltage sources turned off), and sum the voltages from each bit to obtain the final result.

2.Calculate the output voltage of each bit.

3.Solve the circuit for output V(analog)

4.Write an equation for the less significant bits using mathematical induction.

5. Final result should be in the form of V(analog) = F(d0, d1, d2, d3)

I am completely lost on working on this problem. Any help for any of the parts is greatly appreciated.

Explanation / Answer

This is a R-2R ladder for digital to analogue conversion. The circuit is quite standard. This page provides hints. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor_ladder#R-2R_resistor_ladder_network_.28digital_to_analog_conversion.2C_or_DAC.29

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