All cells … a. have membrane transport proteins. b. synthesize proteins on the r

Question

All cells … a. have membrane transport proteins. b. synthesize proteins on the ribosome. c. replicate their genome by DNA polymerization. d. transcribe their genetic information by RNA polymerization. e. All of the above. 2. To trace family relationships between distantly related organisms such as humans, algae, bacteria, and archaea, one should compare their genomes in regions … a. that evolve rapidly. b. that have a higher mutation rate. c. that code for proteins. d. where mutations are hardly tolerated. e. where most mutations are selectively neutral. 3. Comparing the genomes of present-day mitochondria or chloroplasts with the genomes of their corresponding bacteria reveals that these organelles do not have many of the genes that are essential for their function. For instance, they lack the many genes that are required for DNA replication. What has happened to these genes? a. They have been lost during evolution, since the organelles no longer rely on DNA replication. b. The required genes are kept in the nucleus, but many have evolved by gene transfer from the organelle. c. These genes have undergone mutations and have changed beyond recognition, but are still present in the organelle. d. The organelles do not replicate their DNA; they import new DNA from the nucleus. e. The required genes are on plasmids that are separate from the organelle’s genome. 4. Gene duplication can give rise to homologous genes that are part of gene families. For example, there are six actin genes in the genome of most mammalian species. In humans, the ACTB gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal actin, is expressed ubiquitously, while ACTC1 is expressed mainly in cardiac cells. Although bacteria lack the eukaryotic cytoskeletal organization, the bacterial MreB gene bears recognizable sequence similarity to mammalian actin genes and codes for a protein that is similar to actin in structure and function. Which of the following statements is true about these genes? a. ACTB is homologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. b. ACTB is orthologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. c. ACTB is paralogous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. d. MreB is orthologous to ACTB but not to ACTC1. e. ACTB is paralogous to both ACTC1 and MreB. 5. Which of the following does NOT typically involve horizontal gene transfer? a. Sexual reproduction in humans b. Bacteriophage infection of bacteria c. The evolutionary history of the eukaryotic cell d. The accidental duplication of a small region of a bacterial chromosome followed by cell division e. Introduction of plasmids into bacteria in a laboratory 6. Imagine two spherical cells, one of which is 5000 times larger in volume than the other. The smaller is a prokaryote, and the larger cell is a eukaryote with 20% of its volume confined in a spherical nucleus. If the diameter of the prokaryotic cell is 0.7 micrometers, what is the diameter of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell in micrometers? Write down your answer as a number only. 7. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 8. Laboratory strains of the model organism Escherichia coli that are resistant to antibiotics are very often used in research laboratories as well as in the biotechnology industry. If cultures of such bacteria were allowed to contaminate the environment uncontrollably, it is possible that at some point, pathogenic bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis (which causes meningitis and can cause death, especially in children) could acquire the same antibiotic-resistance gene, causing a meningitis outbreak that is difficult to treat. In this scenario, which of the following mechanisms is a more likely source of the antibiotic-resistance gene in N. meningitidis? a. Random new gene generation b. Intragenic mutation c. Gene duplication d. DNA segment shuffling e. Horizontal gene transfer 9. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral anaerobic cell and established a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it. Which of the following statements is NOT true about these organelles? a. They are similar in size to small bacteria. b. They have their own circular genomic DNA. c. They have their own ribosomes. d. They have their own transfer RNAs. e. They are found in all eukaryotes. 10. All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity? a. The genes that encode transcription regulatory proteins b. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of genes c. The genes that code for molecules involved in receiving cellular signals d. The genes that code for molecules involved in sending cellular signals to other cells e. All of the above 11. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches RNA (R) or DNA (D). Your answer would be a five-letter string composed of letters R and D only, e.g. RDDRR. a. ( ) It is mainly found as a long, double-stranded molecule. b. ( ) It contains the sugar ribose. c. ( ) It normally contains the bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. d. ( ) It can normally adopt distinctive folded shapes. e. ( ) It can be used as the template for protein synthesis. 12. It is a model organism used to study various cell processes such as regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Mutants are available for every gene in its exceptionally small genome. It can live indefinitely in either a haploid or a diploid state. Which of the following describes this organism? a. It can reproduce only asexually. B. It is a fungus. C. It lacks a cell wall. D. Its cell cycle is typically much slower than that of human cells. E. All of the above 13. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches lithotrophic (L), organotrophic (O), or phototrophic (P) organisms. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters L, O, and P only, e.g. LLPP. a. ( ) They feed on other living organisms or their organic products. b. ( ) They are responsible for the current oxygen-rich atmosphere of the Earth. c. ( ) They are all known to be prokaryotic. d. ( ) They are the primary energy converters in hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. 14. Which of the following groups of living organisms has the highest variation in haploid genome size? a. Mammals b. Fish c. Fungi d. Protozoa e. Prokaryotes 15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 16. Which of the following structures is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells? a. Plasma membrane b. Cell wall c. Chromosome d. Ribosome e. Lysosome 17. Which of the following processes that happens inside a cell DOES NOT normally require consumption of free energy by the cell? a. Replication of the genetic material b. Import of nutrients from the environment c. Diffusion of small molecules within the cell d. Regulation of gene expression e. Synthesis of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions 18 Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a bacterial cell? a) Swimming using flagella b) Having a cell wall around the plasma membrane c) ATP production in mitochondria d) Protein production on the ribosome e) Sexual exchange of DNA with other bacteria 19 Judged by the average number of nucleotide-pair differences per 1000 nucleotide pairs, which of the following pairs show the highest difference? A. The genomes of S. cerevisiae and M. musculus B. The genomes of two different E. coli strains C. The ribosomal RNA genes from human and E. coli D. The transfer RNA genes in a human and M. musculus E. The genomes of two humans 20 Scientists discover more than ten thousand new species of living organisms every year. What is shared between all of these organisms? A. They are made of cells, whose nuclei enclose their DNA. B. They obtain their energy from sunlight. C. They produce and use adenosine triphosphate (ATP). D. Their genome contains at least 1000 genes. E. All of the above.
All cells … a. have membrane transport proteins. b. synthesize proteins on the ribosome. c. replicate their genome by DNA polymerization. d. transcribe their genetic information by RNA polymerization. e. All of the above. 2. To trace family relationships between distantly related organisms such as humans, algae, bacteria, and archaea, one should compare their genomes in regions … a. that evolve rapidly. b. that have a higher mutation rate. c. that code for proteins. d. where mutations are hardly tolerated. e. where most mutations are selectively neutral. 3. Comparing the genomes of present-day mitochondria or chloroplasts with the genomes of their corresponding bacteria reveals that these organelles do not have many of the genes that are essential for their function. For instance, they lack the many genes that are required for DNA replication. What has happened to these genes? a. They have been lost during evolution, since the organelles no longer rely on DNA replication. b. The required genes are kept in the nucleus, but many have evolved by gene transfer from the organelle. c. These genes have undergone mutations and have changed beyond recognition, but are still present in the organelle. d. The organelles do not replicate their DNA; they import new DNA from the nucleus. e. The required genes are on plasmids that are separate from the organelle’s genome. 4. Gene duplication can give rise to homologous genes that are part of gene families. For example, there are six actin genes in the genome of most mammalian species. In humans, the ACTB gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal actin, is expressed ubiquitously, while ACTC1 is expressed mainly in cardiac cells. Although bacteria lack the eukaryotic cytoskeletal organization, the bacterial MreB gene bears recognizable sequence similarity to mammalian actin genes and codes for a protein that is similar to actin in structure and function. Which of the following statements is true about these genes? a. ACTB is homologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. b. ACTB is orthologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. c. ACTB is paralogous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. d. MreB is orthologous to ACTB but not to ACTC1. e. ACTB is paralogous to both ACTC1 and MreB. 5. Which of the following does NOT typically involve horizontal gene transfer? a. Sexual reproduction in humans b. Bacteriophage infection of bacteria c. The evolutionary history of the eukaryotic cell d. The accidental duplication of a small region of a bacterial chromosome followed by cell division e. Introduction of plasmids into bacteria in a laboratory 6. Imagine two spherical cells, one of which is 5000 times larger in volume than the other. The smaller is a prokaryote, and the larger cell is a eukaryote with 20% of its volume confined in a spherical nucleus. If the diameter of the prokaryotic cell is 0.7 micrometers, what is the diameter of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell in micrometers? Write down your answer as a number only. 7. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 8. Laboratory strains of the model organism Escherichia coli that are resistant to antibiotics are very often used in research laboratories as well as in the biotechnology industry. If cultures of such bacteria were allowed to contaminate the environment uncontrollably, it is possible that at some point, pathogenic bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis (which causes meningitis and can cause death, especially in children) could acquire the same antibiotic-resistance gene, causing a meningitis outbreak that is difficult to treat. In this scenario, which of the following mechanisms is a more likely source of the antibiotic-resistance gene in N. meningitidis? a. Random new gene generation b. Intragenic mutation c. Gene duplication d. DNA segment shuffling e. Horizontal gene transfer 9. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral anaerobic cell and established a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it. Which of the following statements is NOT true about these organelles? a. They are similar in size to small bacteria. b. They have their own circular genomic DNA. c. They have their own ribosomes. d. They have their own transfer RNAs. e. They are found in all eukaryotes. 10. All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity? a. The genes that encode transcription regulatory proteins b. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of genes c. The genes that code for molecules involved in receiving cellular signals d. The genes that code for molecules involved in sending cellular signals to other cells e. All of the above 11. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches RNA (R) or DNA (D). Your answer would be a five-letter string composed of letters R and D only, e.g. RDDRR. a. ( ) It is mainly found as a long, double-stranded molecule. b. ( ) It contains the sugar ribose. c. ( ) It normally contains the bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. d. ( ) It can normally adopt distinctive folded shapes. e. ( ) It can be used as the template for protein synthesis. 12. It is a model organism used to study various cell processes such as regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Mutants are available for every gene in its exceptionally small genome. It can live indefinitely in either a haploid or a diploid state. Which of the following describes this organism? a. It can reproduce only asexually. B. It is a fungus. C. It lacks a cell wall. D. Its cell cycle is typically much slower than that of human cells. E. All of the above 13. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches lithotrophic (L), organotrophic (O), or phototrophic (P) organisms. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters L, O, and P only, e.g. LLPP. a. ( ) They feed on other living organisms or their organic products. b. ( ) They are responsible for the current oxygen-rich atmosphere of the Earth. c. ( ) They are all known to be prokaryotic. d. ( ) They are the primary energy converters in hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. 14. Which of the following groups of living organisms has the highest variation in haploid genome size? a. Mammals b. Fish c. Fungi d. Protozoa e. Prokaryotes 15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 16. Which of the following structures is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells? a. Plasma membrane b. Cell wall c. Chromosome d. Ribosome e. Lysosome 17. Which of the following processes that happens inside a cell DOES NOT normally require consumption of free energy by the cell? a. Replication of the genetic material b. Import of nutrients from the environment c. Diffusion of small molecules within the cell d. Regulation of gene expression e. Synthesis of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions 18 Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a bacterial cell? a) Swimming using flagella b) Having a cell wall around the plasma membrane c) ATP production in mitochondria d) Protein production on the ribosome e) Sexual exchange of DNA with other bacteria 19 Judged by the average number of nucleotide-pair differences per 1000 nucleotide pairs, which of the following pairs show the highest difference? A. The genomes of S. cerevisiae and M. musculus B. The genomes of two different E. coli strains C. The ribosomal RNA genes from human and E. coli D. The transfer RNA genes in a human and M. musculus E. The genomes of two humans 20 Scientists discover more than ten thousand new species of living organisms every year. What is shared between all of these organisms? A. They are made of cells, whose nuclei enclose their DNA. B. They obtain their energy from sunlight. C. They produce and use adenosine triphosphate (ATP). D. Their genome contains at least 1000 genes. E. All of the above.
All cells … a. have membrane transport proteins. b. synthesize proteins on the ribosome. c. replicate their genome by DNA polymerization. d. transcribe their genetic information by RNA polymerization. e. All of the above. 2. To trace family relationships between distantly related organisms such as humans, algae, bacteria, and archaea, one should compare their genomes in regions … a. that evolve rapidly. b. that have a higher mutation rate. c. that code for proteins. d. where mutations are hardly tolerated. e. where most mutations are selectively neutral. 3. Comparing the genomes of present-day mitochondria or chloroplasts with the genomes of their corresponding bacteria reveals that these organelles do not have many of the genes that are essential for their function. For instance, they lack the many genes that are required for DNA replication. What has happened to these genes? a. They have been lost during evolution, since the organelles no longer rely on DNA replication. b. The required genes are kept in the nucleus, but many have evolved by gene transfer from the organelle. c. These genes have undergone mutations and have changed beyond recognition, but are still present in the organelle. d. The organelles do not replicate their DNA; they import new DNA from the nucleus. e. The required genes are on plasmids that are separate from the organelle’s genome. 4. Gene duplication can give rise to homologous genes that are part of gene families. For example, there are six actin genes in the genome of most mammalian species. In humans, the ACTB gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal actin, is expressed ubiquitously, while ACTC1 is expressed mainly in cardiac cells. Although bacteria lack the eukaryotic cytoskeletal organization, the bacterial MreB gene bears recognizable sequence similarity to mammalian actin genes and codes for a protein that is similar to actin in structure and function. Which of the following statements is true about these genes? a. ACTB is homologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. b. ACTB is orthologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. c. ACTB is paralogous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. d. MreB is orthologous to ACTB but not to ACTC1. e. ACTB is paralogous to both ACTC1 and MreB. 5. Which of the following does NOT typically involve horizontal gene transfer? a. Sexual reproduction in humans b. Bacteriophage infection of bacteria c. The evolutionary history of the eukaryotic cell d. The accidental duplication of a small region of a bacterial chromosome followed by cell division e. Introduction of plasmids into bacteria in a laboratory 6. Imagine two spherical cells, one of which is 5000 times larger in volume than the other. The smaller is a prokaryote, and the larger cell is a eukaryote with 20% of its volume confined in a spherical nucleus. If the diameter of the prokaryotic cell is 0.7 micrometers, what is the diameter of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell in micrometers? Write down your answer as a number only. 7. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 8. Laboratory strains of the model organism Escherichia coli that are resistant to antibiotics are very often used in research laboratories as well as in the biotechnology industry. If cultures of such bacteria were allowed to contaminate the environment uncontrollably, it is possible that at some point, pathogenic bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis (which causes meningitis and can cause death, especially in children) could acquire the same antibiotic-resistance gene, causing a meningitis outbreak that is difficult to treat. In this scenario, which of the following mechanisms is a more likely source of the antibiotic-resistance gene in N. meningitidis? a. Random new gene generation b. Intragenic mutation c. Gene duplication d. DNA segment shuffling e. Horizontal gene transfer 9. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral anaerobic cell and established a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it. Which of the following statements is NOT true about these organelles? a. They are similar in size to small bacteria. b. They have their own circular genomic DNA. c. They have their own ribosomes. d. They have their own transfer RNAs. e. They are found in all eukaryotes. 10. All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity? a. The genes that encode transcription regulatory proteins b. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of genes c. The genes that code for molecules involved in receiving cellular signals d. The genes that code for molecules involved in sending cellular signals to other cells e. All of the above 11. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches RNA (R) or DNA (D). Your answer would be a five-letter string composed of letters R and D only, e.g. RDDRR. a. ( ) It is mainly found as a long, double-stranded molecule. b. ( ) It contains the sugar ribose. c. ( ) It normally contains the bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. d. ( ) It can normally adopt distinctive folded shapes. e. ( ) It can be used as the template for protein synthesis. 12. It is a model organism used to study various cell processes such as regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Mutants are available for every gene in its exceptionally small genome. It can live indefinitely in either a haploid or a diploid state. Which of the following describes this organism? a. It can reproduce only asexually. B. It is a fungus. C. It lacks a cell wall. D. Its cell cycle is typically much slower than that of human cells. E. All of the above 13. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches lithotrophic (L), organotrophic (O), or phototrophic (P) organisms. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters L, O, and P only, e.g. LLPP. a. ( ) They feed on other living organisms or their organic products. b. ( ) They are responsible for the current oxygen-rich atmosphere of the Earth. c. ( ) They are all known to be prokaryotic. d. ( ) They are the primary energy converters in hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. 14. Which of the following groups of living organisms has the highest variation in haploid genome size? a. Mammals b. Fish c. Fungi d. Protozoa e. Prokaryotes 15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 16. Which of the following structures is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells? a. Plasma membrane b. Cell wall c. Chromosome d. Ribosome e. Lysosome 17. Which of the following processes that happens inside a cell DOES NOT normally require consumption of free energy by the cell? a. Replication of the genetic material b. Import of nutrients from the environment c. Diffusion of small molecules within the cell d. Regulation of gene expression e. Synthesis of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions 18 Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a bacterial cell? a) Swimming using flagella b) Having a cell wall around the plasma membrane c) ATP production in mitochondria d) Protein production on the ribosome e) Sexual exchange of DNA with other bacteria 19 Judged by the average number of nucleotide-pair differences per 1000 nucleotide pairs, which of the following pairs show the highest difference? A. The genomes of S. cerevisiae and M. musculus B. The genomes of two different E. coli strains C. The ribosomal RNA genes from human and E. coli D. The transfer RNA genes in a human and M. musculus E. The genomes of two humans 20 Scientists discover more than ten thousand new species of living organisms every year. What is shared between all of these organisms? A. They are made of cells, whose nuclei enclose their DNA. B. They obtain their energy from sunlight. C. They produce and use adenosine triphosphate (ATP). D. Their genome contains at least 1000 genes. E. All of the above.
All cells … a. have membrane transport proteins. b. synthesize proteins on the ribosome. c. replicate their genome by DNA polymerization. d. transcribe their genetic information by RNA polymerization. e. All of the above. 2. To trace family relationships between distantly related organisms such as humans, algae, bacteria, and archaea, one should compare their genomes in regions … a. that evolve rapidly. b. that have a higher mutation rate. c. that code for proteins. d. where mutations are hardly tolerated. e. where most mutations are selectively neutral. 3. Comparing the genomes of present-day mitochondria or chloroplasts with the genomes of their corresponding bacteria reveals that these organelles do not have many of the genes that are essential for their function. For instance, they lack the many genes that are required for DNA replication. What has happened to these genes? a. They have been lost during evolution, since the organelles no longer rely on DNA replication. b. The required genes are kept in the nucleus, but many have evolved by gene transfer from the organelle. c. These genes have undergone mutations and have changed beyond recognition, but are still present in the organelle. d. The organelles do not replicate their DNA; they import new DNA from the nucleus. e. The required genes are on plasmids that are separate from the organelle’s genome. 4. Gene duplication can give rise to homologous genes that are part of gene families. For example, there are six actin genes in the genome of most mammalian species. In humans, the ACTB gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal actin, is expressed ubiquitously, while ACTC1 is expressed mainly in cardiac cells. Although bacteria lack the eukaryotic cytoskeletal organization, the bacterial MreB gene bears recognizable sequence similarity to mammalian actin genes and codes for a protein that is similar to actin in structure and function. Which of the following statements is true about these genes? a. ACTB is homologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. b. ACTB is orthologous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. c. ACTB is paralogous to ACTC1 but not to MreB. d. MreB is orthologous to ACTB but not to ACTC1. e. ACTB is paralogous to both ACTC1 and MreB. 5. Which of the following does NOT typically involve horizontal gene transfer? a. Sexual reproduction in humans b. Bacteriophage infection of bacteria c. The evolutionary history of the eukaryotic cell d. The accidental duplication of a small region of a bacterial chromosome followed by cell division e. Introduction of plasmids into bacteria in a laboratory 6. Imagine two spherical cells, one of which is 5000 times larger in volume than the other. The smaller is a prokaryote, and the larger cell is a eukaryote with 20% of its volume confined in a spherical nucleus. If the diameter of the prokaryotic cell is 0.7 micrometers, what is the diameter of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell in micrometers? Write down your answer as a number only. 7. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 8. Laboratory strains of the model organism Escherichia coli that are resistant to antibiotics are very often used in research laboratories as well as in the biotechnology industry. If cultures of such bacteria were allowed to contaminate the environment uncontrollably, it is possible that at some point, pathogenic bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis (which causes meningitis and can cause death, especially in children) could acquire the same antibiotic-resistance gene, causing a meningitis outbreak that is difficult to treat. In this scenario, which of the following mechanisms is a more likely source of the antibiotic-resistance gene in N. meningitidis? a. Random new gene generation b. Intragenic mutation c. Gene duplication d. DNA segment shuffling e. Horizontal gene transfer 9. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral anaerobic cell and established a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it. Which of the following statements is NOT true about these organelles? a. They are similar in size to small bacteria. b. They have their own circular genomic DNA. c. They have their own ribosomes. d. They have their own transfer RNAs. e. They are found in all eukaryotes. 10. All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity? a. The genes that encode transcription regulatory proteins b. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of genes c. The genes that code for molecules involved in receiving cellular signals d. The genes that code for molecules involved in sending cellular signals to other cells e. All of the above 11. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches RNA (R) or DNA (D). Your answer would be a five-letter string composed of letters R and D only, e.g. RDDRR. a. ( ) It is mainly found as a long, double-stranded molecule. b. ( ) It contains the sugar ribose. c. ( ) It normally contains the bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine. d. ( ) It can normally adopt distinctive folded shapes. e. ( ) It can be used as the template for protein synthesis. 12. It is a model organism used to study various cell processes such as regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Mutants are available for every gene in its exceptionally small genome. It can live indefinitely in either a haploid or a diploid state. Which of the following describes this organism? a. It can reproduce only asexually. B. It is a fungus. C. It lacks a cell wall. D. Its cell cycle is typically much slower than that of human cells. E. All of the above 13. Indicate if each of the following descriptions matches lithotrophic (L), organotrophic (O), or phototrophic (P) organisms. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters L, O, and P only, e.g. LLPP. a. ( ) They feed on other living organisms or their organic products. b. ( ) They are responsible for the current oxygen-rich atmosphere of the Earth. c. ( ) They are all known to be prokaryotic. d. ( ) They are the primary energy converters in hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. 14. Which of the following groups of living organisms has the highest variation in haploid genome size? a. Mammals b. Fish c. Fungi d. Protozoa e. Prokaryotes 15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the tree of life? a. Most bacteria and archaea have 1000 to 6000 genes in their genomes. b. Eukaryotes are more similar to archaea than to bacteria with respect to the proteins that act on their DNA. c. Most bacteria and archaea have genome sizes between one and ten million nucleotide pairs, whereas eukaryotic genomes can be millions of times larger. d. Archaeal species were thought to belong to the eukaryotic world before sequence analysis placed them in a separate domain of life. e. Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the ancestors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts. 16. Which of the following structures is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells? a. Plasma membrane b. Cell wall c. Chromosome d. Ribosome e. Lysosome 17. Which of the following processes that happens inside a cell DOES NOT normally require consumption of free energy by the cell? a. Replication of the genetic material b. Import of nutrients from the environment c. Diffusion of small molecules within the cell d. Regulation of gene expression e. Synthesis of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions 18 Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a bacterial cell? a) Swimming using flagella b) Having a cell wall around the plasma membrane c) ATP production in mitochondria d) Protein production on the ribosome e) Sexual exchange of DNA with other bacteria 19 Judged by the average number of nucleotide-pair differences per 1000 nucleotide pairs, which of the following pairs show the highest difference? A. The genomes of S. cerevisiae and M. musculus B. The genomes of two different E. coli strains C. The ribosomal RNA genes from human and E. coli D. The transfer RNA genes in a human and M. musculus E. The genomes of two humans 20 Scientists discover more than ten thousand new species of living organisms every year. What is shared between all of these organisms? A. They are made of cells, whose nuclei enclose their DNA. B. They obtain their energy from sunlight. C. They produce and use adenosine triphosphate (ATP). D. Their genome contains at least 1000 genes. E. All of the above.

Explanation / Answer

1. e . ( Cells have membrane proteins, Replicate via DNA polymerase, translate proteins in ribosome, transcribe RNA from DNA

2. e. ( Mutation neutral sites are ideal for sequencing)

3.c.

4.a.

5. a. ( In human sexual reproduction is vertical transfer of genes)

6. 3.5 um

7. b.

8. e .

9. e

10. e.

11. DRDRR

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