4. Why do humans store more energy as fat versus glucose or glycogen? 5. Name th
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4. Why do humans store more energy as fat versus glucose or glycogen? 5. Name the two electron carriers that bring high-energy electrons to the ETC. How many ATP do each of these produce? 6. Briefly describe how the ATP Synthase complex works. 7. Does oxygen have a high or low redox potential? 8. Complete the following table. hotosynthesis ight Dependent Rxn Occurs in the... Inputs. Outputs. Light energy Glucose, sugars, fats, amino acids ight Independent Rxn 9. Electron micrographs show that mitochondria in heart muscle have a much higher density of cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Give one reason for this observation. 10. Why are most enzymes active at one particular temperature? Why are enzymes less active below this temperature? What happens above this temperature?Explanation / Answer
4) The body stores fat until it is utilized or oxidises for energy. During starvation or carbohydrate deprivation, the fat stored in the body is metabolised and produces energy for various processes. Fat contains more calories (about 9 kilocalories per gram) than carbohydrates (about 4 kilocalories per gram), thus produces more energy than glucose or glycogen.
A 16carbon saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) is oxidised to produce 106ATP whereas a glucose produces approx 30ATP.
5) NADH and FADH2 are two electron carriers that releases electrons which in turn gets transferred to O2 forming water and also used in the formation of 2.5ATP and 1.5ATP, respectively.
6) ATP synthase or F0F1 complex or Complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis using proton motive force; as the protons flow back from the intermembrane sapce to matrix down the electrochemical proton gradient. F0 is a transmembrane complex that forms a H+ channel. F1 ATPase is tightly bound to F0 and protrudes into the matrix; it contains three beta subunits, the site of ATP synthesis.
7) In ETC, carrier accepts an electron from a carrier with a less positive reduction potential and transfers the electron to a carrier with more positive reduction potential. Thus, reduction potentials of electron carriers satbilizes electron flow from NADH and FADH2 to O2; so oxygen has high redox potential.
10) Enzymes works at optimum temperature. The enzyme activity increases with temperature but above optimum temperature the enzyme gets denatured losing its structure (active site) and hence its activity.
Below the optimum temperature, it slows the collision of the reactact molecules and hence decreases the activity of enzyme.
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