1. Robert, a smoker, is 52 years old. He has elevated blood pressure, in part, d
ID: 18609 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Robert, a smoker, is 52 years old. He has elevated blood pressure, in part, due to an elevated erythrocyte count. Knowing that smokers often have reduced plasma O2 levels, explain in detail (in a paragraph) why his erythrocyte count is elevated.1-a. One treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn is the slow replacement of the newborns blood. The replacement blood must be Rh^(-) even though the infants' blood is Rh^(+). Why?
1-b. Helen has hepatitis, which disrupts liver function. List four symptoms that she might experience based on the roles of the liver relative to the blood. Explain the basis for the symptoms as they relate to liver function.
[*Note:] Make sure the answers are correct and the information is true.
Explanation / Answer
1. The smokers generally take more carbon dioxide through respiratory system into the body compared to normal people. Normal people take more oxygen through respiration into the body. Generally blood transports the oxygen necessary to the tissues and cells taking from respiratory organs (lungs). Hemoglobin present in erythrocytes bind with oxygen and carbon dioxide depending on the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Moreover hemoglobin has more affinity towards carbon dioxide, when compared to oxygen. So, maximum number of erythrocytes will carry carbon dioxide to the cells. This carbon dioxide never produce ATP (energy) molecules when it is involved in cellular respiration. That is why cells require oxygen, but the existing number of erythrocytes were involved in transporting carbon dioxide. Hence to supply oxygen to cells more number of erythrocytes were required. That is why erythrocytes number will increase in smoking people. 1(a) The Rh antigen expression will be initiated after the development of immunity in the infants. In infants, the development of immunity requires approximately 3 years. So the existing Rh antigen never bind when we inject a blood carrying Rh antibodies (Rh negative blood). So the clumping of blood cells will not take place. 2(b) Symptoms related to blood: 1. Elevated levels of bile salts and bile pigments in the blood. 2. The nitrogenous excretory compound levels in the blood will increase. (Because liver is concerned with the conversion of ammonia to urea by urea-ornithine cycle) 3. The levels of lipids in plasma will decrease, because is concerned to the digestion of fats. 4. Excessive amount of glucose present in blood is converted into glycogen and stored inside the liver. So as the liver is malfunctioning, elevated glycogen and glucose levels can be observed.
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