hhmi Biolnteractive G1 Click and Learn The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer Stud
ID: 183343 • Letter: H
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hhmi Biolnteractive G1 Click and Learn The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer Student Handout G2 THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND CANCER: AN OVERVIEW ABOUT THIS HANDOUT This handout complements the Click and Learn "The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer" and is intended as a straightforward introduction to the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer. For a more comprehensive student handout, please see the in depth version. PROCEDURE Read through the Click and Learn at https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-and- cancer to learn about the cell cycle. Answer the questions below. Click on the "Background" tab on the right side. Read the information and watch the videos.Explanation / Answer
11. Cell cycle regulators are involved in the regulation and progression of cell cycle
They are two types
a. Cyclin dependent kinases
b. Cyclines
A Cdks is an enzyme that adds negatively charged phosphate groups to other molecules in a process called phosphorylation. Through phosphorylation, Cdks signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle.
Cyclins
Cyclins are act as an activating protein and bind to Cdks forming a cyclin-Cdk complex. This complex then acts as a signal to the cell to pass to the next cell cycle phase. There are two classes of cyclins: mitotic cyclins and G1 cyclins.
A. Stimulatory proteins are encoded by proto oncogenes
B. HER2 It is well known proto-oncogene. This gene codes for a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This protein receptor is involved in the growth, repair and division of cells in the breast.
C. Inhibitory proteins are tumor suppressor genes
D. RB protein (retinoblastoma protein), p53 gene, PTEN
14. The overactive (cancer-promoting) forms of these genes are called oncogenes. The growth factor receptor may send signals even when growth factors are not there, or a cyclin may be expressed at abnormally high levels leads to uncontrolled cell division.
a. One allele requires for mutation and called dominant. The mutation leads to gain of function.
15. Tumor suppressor genes involved in the control of cell cycle.Tumor-suppressor genes encodes proteins that inhibit cell proliferation. Generally they are present in Checkpoint control proteins that arrest the cell cycle and if DNA is damaged or chromosomes are abnormal and leads to that promote apoptosis.
b. Both alleles required for to cause cancer and called recessive and mutation laeds to loss of function.
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