Bulletins polls percussion with measuring the number of hits SPT (NSPT) performe

Question

Bulletins polls percussion with measuring the number of hits SPT (NSPT) performed on the periphery of Jardim Gramacho Metropolitan Landfill are grouped attached.

Based on information provided in the survey bulletins and knowing that the landfill is located in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, on the shore of Guanabara Bay opposite Governor's Island (Galeao Airport), asked:

a) Present a plan with the approximate position of the holes run inserted into an image area Landfill obtained using Google Earth;

Explanation / Answer

Today, there's more to landfill siting than technical suitability. Current national land use issues including urban sprawl, farmland preservation and population growth affect landfill placement. Other factors include local public opinion, hauling distance, accessibility, climate and economics.

This lesson provides a procedure for evaluating potential sites and seeking public input.

An ideal sanitary landfill:

Will meet local zoning and land use criteria, including local road weight limits and other limitations;

Is easily accessible by solid waste vehicles in all weather conditions;

Safely protects surface and groundwater quality;

Controls landfill gas;

Has access to earth cover material that can be easily handled and compacted;

Is located where the landfill's operation will not affect external environmentally sensitive areas;

Comprises enough land and internal capacity to provide a buffer zone from neighboring properties and is able to be expanded; and

Will be the most economic site available given haul distances to user communities and other economic considerations.

The two most important questions to answer when developing procedures to search for a landfill site and actually siting a landfill are whether regulatory agencies will approve the location and whether the public will accept it. Incorrectly predicting how the public and government agencies will react can result in wasted investments in feasibility reports and other technical investigations, as well as lead to potential litigation and other time-consuming and costly delays. So to smooth the process, landfill siters should have a clear understanding of regulatory criteria and public opinion.

The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) established general standards for landfill siting including controls for detecting site impacts on water quality, siting in flood plains and effects on endangered species. In the late 1980s, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), Washington, D.C., published new landfill regulations, known as Subtitle D.

According to Subtitle D, landfill development is restricted in areas including wetlands, unstable soils such as Karst terrain or landslides susceptible areas, fault areas, seismic impact zones, and land in the 100 year flood plain, or in proximity to an airport. Except for fault zones, landfills would not be prohibited from these areas, but they would be subject to special siting restrictions and/or performance standards. Location requirements would apply to new municipal solid waste landfills and existing landfill expansions.

Federal regulations also require that new and expanded landfills located within 10,000 feet within any airport runway that is used by jet aircraft, or within 5,000 feet of any airport runway that is used by piston type aircraft, demonstrate that the site does not pose a bird hazard to aircraft. This restriction has stopped some landfill development and should not be ignored.

Most states also regulate solid waste disposal and require site construction and operation approval. These laws may further limit site locations. In Wisconsin, for example, regulations prohibit sites within 300 feet of a navigable stream, 1,000 feet of a navigable lake or pond, wetland areas, flood plains, or 1,000 feet of a state or federal highway or park (unless berms, fencing or landscaping prevent visibility from the road or the park).

Local government zoning or other regulations can affect site acceptability, too. For instance, as comprehensive planning and zoning laws in- crease around the country, landfill development areas may be designated by county or town plans. Siters can attempt to change local zoning, but the effort may be useless if there is significant public opposition.

Beyond knowledge of federal, state and local regulations, landfill developers should get to know and work with officials who administer solid waste programs. These officials share the goal of finding environmentally sound landfill sites and can help interpret and apply existing rules to streamline the search.

Generally, when siting a new landfill, developers should:

Establish goals and gather political support;

Identify facility design basis and need;

Identify potential sites within the region;

Select and evaluate in detail the most desirable sites;

Select best site for development; and

Obtain regulatory site approval.

One of the most important decisions landfill developers need to make is when to publicize the search. Notifying the public about a potential landfill site can create interest, but many developers try to keep their decisions secret until a final choice is made out of fear of stirring up controversy. Some siters also worry that if people know that a piece of land is being investigated, it will drive up the price.

Nevertheless, many now believe that waiting until a final site is chosen

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