1. List the functions of kidneys, and briefly describe each. 2. Describe the loc
ID: 182146 • Letter: 1
Question
1. List the functions of kidneys, and briefly describe each. 2. Describe the location and the anatomical characteristics of kidneys. 3. Describe briefly about nephron. State the components of nephron. 4. Explain the function of each parts of nephron. 5. Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary of 6. Name the THREE (3) general processes involved in the urine formation. 7. Explain briefly about urine formation. Draw the process of urine formation to support your explanation. 8. Calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR): i. If the glomerular capillary pressure is 40mm Hg, the capsule pressure is 10 mm Hg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus is 35 mm Hg. ii. If the glomerular capillary pressure is 60mm Hg the capsule pressure is 20 mm Hg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus is 20 mm Hg. ii. If the glomerular capillary pressure is 40mm Hg. the capsule pressure is 20 mm Hg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus is 40 mm Hg. 9. What is filtration barrier? How does glomerular capillary pressure affect filtration pressure. 10. Define the following terms; i. Capillary hydrostatic pressure ii. Colloid osmotic pressure 11. Discuss the pressure above influence the GFR and 12. Explain what does happens to most of the filtrate that 13. List the mechanisms that create and maintain the high 14. Discuss the role of loops of Henle, vasa recta and urea ii. Capsular hydrostatic pressure effect the urine formation enters the nephron. solute concentration in the renal medulla. in maintaining a high interstitial solute concentration in the kidney medulla. 15. How the filtrate volume and concentration change as they flow through the nephrons and collecting ducts. 16. Explain how the ADH affect the urine concentration. 17. Outline the effect of aldosterone on the distal tubule. Provide diagram to support your explanation. 18. Describe about inulin. 19. Describe the micronutrition reflex. How is voluntary control of micronutrition accomplished?Explanation / Answer
1. ANS: Major functions of the kidneys:
1. Remove wastes and extra fluid
2. Make red blood cells
3. Control blood pressure
4. Control pH Levels
5. Keep bones healthy
2. ANS:
Kidney Location: The kidney was located at the upper abdominal area against the back muscles on both the left and right side of the body.
Anatomical characteristics of kidney: The kidneys are present in bean-shape and on the right side of the body larger size liver were present so due to this reason the left kidney is located slightly more superior than the right kidney.
3. ANS: Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney and serves the function of eliminating waste from body.The main parts of a the nephron are bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct.
Function of each part:
Bowman's capsule: surrounds glomerulus, collects initial glomerular filtrate and passes it to PCT.
Glomerulus: actual site of blood filtration.
PCT: reabsorption of water, NaCl, K.
Loop of Henle: reabsorption of water and NaCl., Helps in formation of concentrated urine.
DCT: reabsorption of water,Na+ and secretion of K+, H+.
Collecting duct: collects urine from various nephron and passes it to renal pelvis. Collecting duct is also involved in water reabsorption .
4. ANS: Differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons: There are two types of nephrons:
Superficial cortical nephrons which have their glomeruli in the outer cortex. it does not go deep to the medulla .They have shorter loops of Henle, which dip only into the outer medulla.
Juxtamedullary nephrons, which have their glomeruli near the corticomedullary border. it goes deep in to the medulla.
Please consider this note: Answering to many questions (more than four) is against to CHEGG RULE.
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