• What are some ways bacteria can avoid phagocytosis? • •Spontaneous mutations•A
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Question
• What are some ways bacteria can avoid phagocytosis?
• •Spontaneous mutations•Acquisition of new genes from transfer from another organisms.•Conjugation•Transformation•Transduction•lysogeny •
• List four areas of the cell which are targeted for control of microbes. •
describe some ways drug resistance is developed in microbes. How do viruses contribute to drug resistance in bacteria? Describe how plasmids influence drug resistance in a population of bacteria.
• Define the terms sterilization, disinfection, antiseptics, sanitation, pasteurization.
• List the cellular targets of control methods.
• Discuss methods that bacteria use to survive the effects of an antibiotic.
• Define selective toxicity. • Why can’t someone be on an antibiotic drug indefinitely? • Define probiotics.
Explanation / Answer
Phagocytosis can be avoided by preventing recognition of phagocytes and blocking uptake of phagocytes.
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, nucleolus are the targeted areas of bacterial control.
Sterilization is the use of physical or chemical agent for killing microbes.
Disinfection is less harmful to microbes than sterilization.
Sanitation is in terms of public health. Especially clean water and adequate sewage disposal.
Antiseptic is used for cleaning of microbes.
Pasteurization is the boiling of milk and immediate cooling for killing germs.
Bacteria resist antibiotics through their capsule.
People can't be on antibiotic drug indefinitely because they are the agents which target cell for killing which may impact human cells which when consumed on a long term.
Probiotics is the use of microbial flora to enhance the nutrient effects of food products.
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