Are the following statements true or false? Explain why the statement is true or

Question

Are the following statements true or false? Explain why the statement is true or false. Natural selection causes an individual to evolve when the individual needs to adapt to a new environment. The largest male marine iguana has the highest Darwinian fitness because he will survive longer. The evolution of a larger horn in a dung beetle can be limited by the size of the compound eye (see figure 11). The NK4 genes in blood pumping organ and VEGFR genes in branched vasculature (see figure 12) are cases of deep homology because the common ancestor of the animals in Figure 12 used these genes for a circulatory system.

Explanation / Answer

a) True. Natural selection in nut-shell is evolution by adaptation.

b)False. Darwinian fitness does not relate to physical fitness, it is a measure of how much an individual contributes to next generation's genetic pool. In fact, largest male marine iguanas are highly prone to death during food scarcity than moderate males and females.

c)True. Nocturnal dung beetles have disproportionately large eyes and smaller horns while diurnal dung beetles have larger horns and smaller eyes. This is proved by the knocking off the Otd gene, which resulted in the loss of horn accompanied by the gain of compound eyes. This experiment proved that larger horns cost the eyes in dung beetles.

d)False. Deep case homology must have historical continuity of conserved function. Nk4 overexpression causes decreased tumor progression and VEGF plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis while VEGFR inhibits VEGF activity.

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