4. Homologous morphological structures a. always look the same b. are convergent
ID: 177794 • Letter: 4
Question
4. Homologous morphological structures
a. always look the same
b. are convergent
c. evolved independently from common genetic information
d. were present in the common ancestor
5. There are several schools of thought regarding the most appropriate method for reconstruction of phylogenies. Identify the approach that emphasizes overall similarities and the reason it is preferred by some systematists.
a. Cladistics, because it reduces subjectivity.
b. Cladistics, because it focuses on shared derived characters.
c. Phenetics, because it rarely mistakes convergent evolution for recent common ancestry.
d. Phenetics, because it reduces subjectivity.
6. Internal fertilization influences the evolution of parental care strategies because:
a. Externally fertilizing species do not show parental care.
b. The placement of sperm inside the female predisposes the male to care for the resulting offspring.
c. If postzygotic care is necessary for success, the female is in the position of “last custody”.
d. “Advanced” organisms always have internal fertilization.
11. Honeybees and ants posed a special dilemma to Darwin because:
a. They are so small that he could not experiment on them.
b. They show apparently self-sacrificial traits, which conflicts with evolution by natural selection.
c. They show apparently self-sacrificial traits, which conflicts with haplodiploidy.
d. The females are larger and more powerful than the males, which conflicts with sexual selection.
e. They could survive insecticide, and so were not subject to natural selection.
13. If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has 2.5 grams carbon-
14 and 7.5 grams of its stable decay product should be about how many years old?
a. 22,900
b. 2,800
c. 17,200
d. 11,500
e. 1,400
14. A major evolutionary episode that corresponds in time most closely with the formation of Pangaea was
a. Cambrian explosion
b. Pleistocene ice ages
c. Cretaceous extinctions
d. Origin of humans
e. Permian extinctions
15. Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are strongest when
they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially if they have won Nobel Prizes.
they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared derived sequence.
they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns.
they are supported by more than one kind of evidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence.
e. each clade is defined by a single derived character.
16. Nucleic acid sequences that undergo few changes over the course of evolutionary time are said to be conserved. A researcher wants to determine the genetic relatedness of several breeds of dog (Canis familiaris). The researcher should compare homologous sequences of __________ that are known to be __________.
a. fatty acids; highly conserved
b. carbohydrates; poorly conserved
c. amino acids; highly conserved
d. lipids; poorly conserved
e. proteins or nucleic acids; poorly conserved
18. Haplodiploidy refers to:
a. The reduction division during meiosis in which haploid gametes are formed from
diploid cells
b. The sex determination system of some organisms like Hymenoptera in which females
are haploid and males are diploid
c. The sex determination system of some organisms like Hymenoptera in which females
are diploid and males are haploid
d. The system used by ants to keep the workers under control to enforce altruism.
19. Prezygotic barriers _____.
a. prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
b. prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
c. prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genes
d. prevent wolves and coyotes from mating
e. only occur in asexual organisms
20. A new species can arise in a single generation
a. through geographic isolation when cessation of gene flow is absolute.
b. In a very large population spread over a large area
c. If a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
d. If allopatric speciation occurs
e. If adaptive radiation occurs
21. What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?
a. A branch point represents a split between two phyla.
b. A branch point represents a gene duplication event.
c. A branch point represents a place where one species branches off from another.
d. A branch point represents the absolute time at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.
e. A branch point represents a point at which two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor.
22. Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?
a. a comparison of DNA base sequences
b. homologous structures
c. fossils
d. amino acid sequences of proteins
e. analogous structures
23. A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a
hypothesis about which of the following?
a. characteristics shared by all bird families
b. evolutionary relationships among bird families based on shared derived traits
c. families that look most alike
d. analogous structures shared by various species
e. relative ages of living species of birds
24. Which statement below is true about an outgroup?
a. Outgroup comparison is based on the assumption that homologies present in both
the outgroup and ingroup must be derived characters.
b. The outgroup would be found at one of the highest branches of a phylogenetic tree.
c. The outgroup and ingroup display a mixture of shared and derived characters.
d. The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than
they are to each other.
e. None of the above.
25. The hominid species currently suspected as the immediate ancestor of modern humans Homo sapiens is
a. Homo erectus
b. Homo neanderthalensis
c. Australopithecus africans
d. Homo heidelbergensis
e. Australopithecus afarensis
Explanation / Answer
4.D were present in common ancestor
Note-the evolutinary theory explain the presence of homologous structure adapted to different purpose as a result of descent with modification from common ancestor.
therefore homology is relation between biological structure that are drived from common ancestor.
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