Article Review 5 Read the following article: Giorgio M. Oxidative stress and the

Question

Article Review 5

Read the following article:

Giorgio M. Oxidative stress and the unfulfilled promises of antioxidant agents.ecancermedicalscience. 2015;9:556. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2015.556.

(The citation shown above is the one used for the Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA).

For this paper, you will need to submit a Grammarly report along with your paper (must be uploaded with your paper). The Grammarly score must be above 80%.

Grammarly is a proofreading tool that is free to all students. Use it as a guide to help improve your writing. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE PLAGIARISM CHECK ON!

Go to http://technology.gsu.edu/technology-services/it-services/training-and-learning-resources/grammarly/ to log into Grammarly.

NOTE: If you go to Grammarly directly, you will be asked to pay. Use the link above if you want free access through the University.

Important reminders:

Do not use superlatives or hyperbole. (don't waste text with unnecessary dialog or comments).

Do not repeat the text of a question.

Make sure your paper is logical, that you have answered every point you raised, and that it is divided into appropriate paragraphs.

Remember to write a reflection at the end.

Your file MUST be in one of the following formats: .rtf, .doc, .docx, or .pdf. No other format is acceptable.

Questions to direct your reading:

What type of paper is this (is it a research paper)?

What is oxidative stress, and how does it affect cells?

What are reactive oxygen species, and how do they affect cells?

What is the role of antioxidants?

What is the clinical evidence of antioxidant therapy?

How do oxidative stress and antioxidants influence cancer?

Explanation / Answer

1. Yes, the following article titled Oxidative stress and the unfulfilled promises of antioxidant agents is a research paper.

2. The oxidative stress indicates an imbalance among the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's capability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. In cells, the accumulation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases the development of oxidative modifications in lipids, generating hydroperoxide lipid derivatives, in proteins, resulting in protein carbonyl content and oxidized- or nitro-modified residues, and in both purines and pyrimidines, inducing DNA breaks and adducts. Finally, the increase of oxidative attacks to biological macromolecules causes the dysfunctions of membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins.

3. Oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as a molecule or a molecular species that contains one or more unpaired electrons and is capable of independent existence. Fre radicals cause oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and modification of certain amino acids like methionine and cysteine. ROS may damage proteins o fthe cells by fragmentation, crosslinking and aggregation. The net result is that free readicals may often reault in the loss of biological activity of proteins in the cell. ex: O2-, H2O2,OH-, HOO-, ROO-, NO- and ONOO- etc.

4. An antioxidant is a molecule that significantly delays or inhibits oxidation of a substrate. Antioxidants may be considered as the scavengers of free radicals.

5. The use of antioxidant improved nutrition is a potential route of clinical research in acute pancreatitis or AP.

6. Free radicals can damage DNA, and cause mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, and thus play a key role in carcinogenesis.It is believed that ROS can induce mutations, and inhibit DNA repair process, that results in the inactivation of certain tumor suppressor genes leading to cancer. The antioxidant enzymes are truly the scavengers of free radicals.

Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide and O2. This is the first line of defense to protect cells from the injurious effects of superoxide.

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