Dr. Fisher is in another pickle. He has promised to deliver an isolated protein

Question

Dr. Fisher is in another pickle. He has promised to deliver an isolated protein from tomatoes to the NC Research Campus. The protein he producing localizes to the mitochondria. However, he wants it secreted. You need to explain to Dr. Fisher why the protein likely localizes to the mitochondria, and what he needs to do for the protein to be secreted. Describe the cycle of events that occur after binding a ligand to a receptor tyrosine kinases and the activation of Ras. Explain how an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) works. How might one use this technique? Describe the function of the G2 checkpoint in the cell cycle. As part of your answer include roles for the following: anaphase promoting complex, ubiquitin, mitotic cyclins, mitotic cdk, inhibiting kinase, activating kinase, and phosphatase. Briefly describe the roles of securin, separin, and cohesin during mitosis? What is p53, and what docs it do? Data from the human genome project suggestions that humans possess 20,000 to 25,000 genes. However, analysis of the protein content of different cells suggestions that humans have potentially 100,000 different proteins or more. Describe mechanisms that would allow for only 25,000 genes to encode for potentially 100,000 proteins.

Explanation / Answer

8. When ligand binds to Receptor tyrosin kinase (RTK), it dimerizes. At the cytoplasmic side, the receptor subunit phosphoralizes itself and the other subunit. Now growth factor receptor bound protein (GRB2) binds to phosphorylated RTK. Now protein SOS is able to bind to membrane bound protein Ras (inactive). This inactive Ras is bound to GDP . The bound SOS catalyzes the exchange of GDP by GTP which leads to the activation of Ras. In this active state Ras is able to bind to several effector proteins.

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