Describe the biological fate the chemicals below (Paraquat, Malathion or Benzo(a

Question

Describe the biological fate the chemicals below (Paraquat, Malathion or Benzo(a)pyrene) once it has been eaten by a mammal (such as a rat or human). In addition, in your description, be sure to provide specific information about the mechanism by which the chemical causes toxicity and what is the toxic form of the chemical. Finally, show two phase I metabolites of the chemical and name the specific metabolic enzyme reaction involved. You may use a flow diagram to help with your description if you desire (its not required however).

Explanation / Answer

Paraquat

Paraquat (Pq) is a herbicide. When it is eaten by human or animal it develops reactive oxygen species which leads the cell death by damaging thorough activation of NF-B, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage.

Its toxic form is Pq2+ as it forms rapidly by oxidizing of Pq to Pq+ and then Pq2+. The oxidation of Pa is done by many enzymes like nitric oxide synthase, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase. This process generates peroxinitrite (ONOO-) and OH- like free radicals

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