A) Based on the information provided, Paul would have the control level of free

Question

A) Based on the information provided, Paul would have the control level of free testosterone. Please identify the 4 men that would have lower and the 3 men that would have higher free testosterone levels than Paul. For each of these 7 other men, please explain why their levels of free testosterone are either higher or lower than Paul's level.

B) Based on the information provided, compare and contrast the total plasma estradiol levels of Jack, Fred, Paul, Derek, Stan, Robert and Arthur. Please Explain your answer.

C) Based on the information provided, compare and contrast likely plasma ghrelin levels between Jack, Paul and Derek.

D) Choosing from Jack, Derek, Robert, who would you predict to have the best concentration of sperm in their ejaculate. Please explain why you choose this man and why you did not choose each of the other 2 men.

E) Please compare and contrast sperm concentrations in samples provided by Paul, Fred and Stan. But, factor in the following information which only pertains to question E. Paul's mom smoked heaveily during his gestation, and he abstained from ejaculating 24 hours before providing his semen sample by masturbation. Fred's sample was collected from a condom after natural intercourse, and he had abstained from ejaculating for 72 hours prior to this sample. Stan provided his semn sample by masturbation, and he had abstained for less than 24 hours prior to providing his sample.

* TESTOSTERONE..

estosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.[2] In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being,[3] and for the prevention of osteoporosis.[4] Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss.

Testosterone is also used as a medication to treat male hypogonadism and certain types of breast cancer.[5] Since testosterone levels gradually decrease as men age, synthetic testosterone is sometimes prescribed to older men to counteract this deficiency.

Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites.[6] It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor.[6]

In humans and most other vertebrates, testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries of females. Small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about 7–8 times as great as in adult females.[7] As the metabolic consumption of testosterone in males is greater, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men.[8][9] Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.[10]

(65 pts) adiponectin levels and Jack has very high circulating leptin levels and very low circulating consumes a high fat low fiber diet diet, his BMI Fred consumes a high fat and low fiber diet, but exercises regularly, so despite his is normal. He is not over weight and he has a normal percentage of body fat Paul is the same weight as Fred and has the same percentage of body fat. Paul eats the perfect diet that is balanced across all food groups and meets all of his daily recommended nutrient guidelines. adiponectin levels. His Derek has very low circulating resistin levels and very high circulating diet is very high in fiber and low in fat. Although his hypothalamus pituitary/gonad axis is active, Derek has a BMI that is on the low end of normal Stan consumes a low fat and high fiber diet. His BMI is normal and equal to Paul Mark is equal to Paul in body composition. He has been treated and is still being treated for breast cancer for the past 10 months with very high doses of an estradiol antagonist that has a binding affinity for all protein molecules that estradiol interacts with that is 50% greater than estradiol. He is currently very healthy and active and eats a perfect diet like Paul Robert is equal to Paul in body composition and dietary consumption. He started working for a chemical company a month ago, which commenced his exposure to a fungicide that is increasing his aromatase activity by 5 fold Arthur works for a pesticide company and is exposed to a chemical that is stimulating his body's 5 alpha reductase activity 10 fold. His BMI and dietary intake is equal to Paul

Explanation / Answer

A ) The testosterone levels of the following persons are higher than Paul

1.1 FRED - He consumes high fat low fiber diet. The levels of testosterone is proportional to fat intake. Both saturated and unsaturated fat foods are responsible for increase in testosterone levels.

1.2 ARTHUR - Due to his work nature his 5alpha reductase levels increase by 10 fold. 5 alpha reductase is responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Hence, increase in alpha reductase leads to increase in testosterone levels.

1.3 MARK - Mark is undergoing a treatment for breast cancer and hence receiving estradiol antagonists for treatment purposes. Due to this therapy his estradiol levels go down and has to be replaced by other hormones such as testosterone. Enzymes such as aromatase are responsible for converting testosterone to estradiol. To maintain the deficiency of estradiol, testosterone levels increase.

The testosterone levels of the following persons are lower than PAUL

1.4 STAN and DEREK - they consume a low fat and high fiber diet. Intake of fiber is inversely proportional to testosterone levels.

1.5 JACK - Jack has high leptin levels which indicates he is overweight and hence may be a cause for low testosterone levels.

1.6 ROBERT - Due to working in fungicidal company his aromatase levels increase, which is responsible for decrease in testosterone levels. The enzymatic activity is responsible for converting testosterone to estradiol.

B) Order of the persons with total plasma estradiol levels. Order is from highest to lowest.

ROBERT > JACK > ARTHUR > PAUL > DEREK > STAN

Robert has high levels of estradiol due to high aromatase activity. JACK is next in line due to his overweight which leads to increase in aromatase enzyme and hence increase in testosterone to estradiol conversion. Paul maintains a normal diet and has normal BMI, hence normal testosterone and estradiol levels. Derek has high levels of adiponectin which is inversely proportional to levels of estradiol. High fiber intake leads to decrease in estradiol levels and hence Stan will have less estradiol.

C) Plasma gherlin levels - JACK < PAUL < DEREK

Gherlin receptor is responsible for increase in hunger. Due to obese nature of JACK he will have less gherlin levels compared to Paul who has normal levels. Derek has higher levels among the group due to his nature of food intake.

D) ROBERT might have higher concentration of sperm count due to increase in aromatase enzyme levels in his body. Normally if estrodial is blocked by using pharamceutical inhibitors, it may lead to decrease in sperm count. In the case of Paul he will have normal sperm count due to his normal BMI and food intake, whereas JACK might have less sperm count due to his obesity nature.

E) PAUL has the least sperm concentration due to his mom's obsessive smoking nature, which may lead to decrease in his sperm count. Although the timeline of ejaculation plays a factor with respect to quality of sperm count, the fact that FRED has partcipated in a natural intercourse gives a vital clue. As it has been proven that sperm quality after a natural intercourse is better than masturbation. Hence, I would rate the sperm concentration of the persons in the following order:

FRED > STAN > PAUL

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