42. How does clay, sand, silt and organic matter classify from the point of view

Question

42. How does clay, sand, silt and organic matter classify from the point of view of porosity, permeability and rencion?
Clay- low porosity, low permeability, a lot of retention
Sand - a lot of porosity, a lot of permeability, little retention
Minimum porosity, minimum permeability, normal retention
Organic matter - normal porosity, normal permeability, minimal retention

43. What are the main horizons of a soil and what are its characteristics?

44. What is the humus and what is its importance?
The term was implemented in 1790-1800 in the Latin language, meaning land, soil. In the science of soils, humus refers to any organic matter that has reached a stable point, where it can not be broken anymore and, if conditions permit, remain in that state for the next centuries. The humus significantly improves the composition of the soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients. The humus also controls the color of the soil, where the more brown, the greater the content of humus present.

45. What are the main processes that affect the health and quality of the soil?

46. Indicate three methods for treating solid waste in addition to its advantages and disadvantages.

47. Explain what the technique of the 3 Rs of examples consists of.

48. What is composting and examples?

49. Describe 4 soil conservation techniques

Explanation / Answer

HORIZONS OF SOIL

There are different types of soil, each with its own set of characteristics. Dig down deep into any soil, and you’ll see that it is made of layers, or horizons (O, A, E, B, C, R). Put the horizons together, and they form a soil profile. Like a biography, each profile tells a story about the life of a soil. Most soils have three major horizons (A, B, C) and some have an organic horizon (O). The horizons are:

O -(humus or organic) Mostly organic matter such as decomposing leaves. The O horizon is thin in some soils, thick in others, and not present at all in others.

A -(topsoil) Mostly minerals from parent material with organic matter incorporated. A good material for plants and other organisms to live.

E - (eluviated) - Leached of clay, minerals, and organic matter, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles of quartz or other resistant materials – missing in some soils but often found in older soils and forest soils.

B - (subsoil) Rich in minerals that leached (moved down) from the A or E horizons and accumulated here.

C - (parent material) The deposit at Earth’s surface from which the soil developed.

R - (bedrock) A mass of rock such as granite, basalt, quartzite, limestone or sandstone that forms the parent material for some soils – if the bedrock is close enough to the surface to weather. This is not soil and is located under the C horizon.

THREE METHODS OF TREATMENT

1. incineration

2. composting

3. landfill

COMPOSTING

Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste such as food or plant material by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic conditions. The end result of composting is an accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus.

SOIL CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

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