Use the specific example of Iraq and research the type of boundaries that Iraq,

Question

Use the specific example of Iraq and research the type of boundaries that Iraq, Kuweit, iran, Turkey, syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia has with each of its neighbor countries. Discuss the factors that either impede or encourage the diffusion of technology with each of its neighbor cultures (Hint: Address all cultural universals) Impede diffusion of technology War with Iran Constant conflict with two religious organizations Educational system Refugee, ethnicity, border, sanctions Shia, Sunni conflict Political uncertainty Encourage diffusion of technology Stable economic, educational and social system Common law, common currency (different ethnicity)

Explanation / Answer

Iraq lies in the fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.present day Iraq and Kuwait were established out of the British Mandate territory gained following Britian's defeat of the turkish Ottoman Empire.

Britian established straightline political boundaries between Iraq & Jordan,Syria and Saudi Arabia.These type of boundaries are called geometric boundaries because they dont follow any physical features.In 1961 when Britian withdrew from the region, the emir requested Britian to separate his oil-rich kingdom as independent country which became Kuwait.

Factors Imepede diffusion of technology -

1) Iraq's division of Islam -The two ethnic divisions of Iraq were Arab and Kurd and the two religious divisions were Shia and sunni.

2) Iraq-Iran War - In 1980 a disagreement arose over the shatt al-arab waterway in the persian gulf on the border between Iraq and Iran and the feud led to war.The people of Iran are not Arabs; their ethnic background is Persian.Most Iranians were shia Muslim.Saddam Hussein, then leader of Iraq and his party were Arabs and sunni Muslims.Ethnic and religious differences thus fueled the conflict which ended in 1988 without anyone declaring victory.This war was equivalent of world war-3 with millions of casualities and costing millions of dollars.

3) Ethnic and cultural divisions - Ethnically and religiously Iraq was divided into three primary groups that generally do not get along.Sunni Arabs dominate central Iraq and were most loyal to Saddam government.South eastern Iraq was dominated by Arabs who follow Shia divisions.A group that is ethnically Kurdish and follow the sunni dominate northern Iraq.

Hussein being sunni muslim, when he was in power, he kept the other 2 groups in check.He used chemical weapons on the Kurds during Iran-Iraq war.Thousands of Kurds died in the attacks and thousands health were affected.The Arab Shia in south often clashed with Hussein's Millitary in attempt to gain more political power and Hussein subjected them to silimar harsh condition and treatments.

Encourage diffusion of technology -

1) Iraq war (2003-2011) -With the US invasion on Iraq , Hussein's government came to an end and elections were held and a new government were formed.After continous violence the country worked to sustain stable political conditions.

2) With the stable government in Iraq the neighbouring countries opened their borders for the Iraq peoples.Lot of peoples moved to Saudi arabia and Kuwait for employment and education.This improved the social undertanding between the groups and caused new developments in technology and social systems. Common law was enforced in Middle east for job Visa and open trade was encouraged.

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