1) What does it mean thatcatabolism is convergent, and anabolism is divergent? U

Question

1)      What does it mean thatcatabolism is convergent, and anabolism is divergent? Usespecific examples.

2)      Why does step six of the citricacid cycle yield FADH2 instead of NADH, given thatFADH2 does not result in the production of as manyATP?

3)      Given that slow-twitch muscletends to be used in aerobic efforts, while fast-twitch muscle tendsto be used in sprints, which would you expect to store moreglycogen as an energy source? Which could usefat? Why?

4)      Can mammals synthesize glucosefrom the metabolites of amino acids? From the metabolites oflipids? What ramifications does this have on mammal diet?

Explanation / Answer

1)Catabolism: breakdown, generally throughoxidation reactions, of complex molecules to simple ones.
Convergent catabolism is the

• the oxidation of complex molecules into their monomeric unitsand then to simpler compounds and finally to CO2, H2O, ammonia,sulfate and phosphate (CHOPNS)
• does not require large numbers of complex pathways becausecatabolic routes converge on the central pathways ofmetabolism
• central pathways capture the chemical bond energy and conserveit as ATP

Anabolism: synthesis, generally throughreduction reactions, of complex molecules from simple ones Divergent anabolism is

• the central pathways are the starting point for the reductivebiosynthesis of new complex molecules from simple ones
• does not require large numbers of complex pathways becausedivergent pathways are branched (arboreal) and often use commonintermediates
• uses the chemical energy of ATP
• ATP work may be mechanical, vectorial (transport) orchemical

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