please, answers must be written in computer form What is meant by a cause in env

Question

please, answers must be written in computer form

What is meant by a cause in environmental epidemiology? Apply Hill’s criteria of causality to an example of an association between a specific environmental exposure and health outcome.

Explain the reason why studies of the health effects of smoking among individuals who smoke would not be a concern of environmental epidemiology. Explain the reason why exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke is a concern of this discipline.

Explain why most studies conducted in the field of environmental epidemiology are non-experimental.

Explanation / Answer

ANSWER :

ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY:: It is the study of diseases and health conditions that are linked to environmental exposures.

Epidemiological studies generally examine the associations between an exposure variable and health outcome.there are classes of epidemiological studies viz;

DESCRIPTIVE: It depicts the occurrence of disease in populations according to classification by person ,place and time variables.

ANALYTIC:It examines casual hypothesis regarding the association between exposures and health outcomes.

HILLS CRITERIA OF CASUALITY:

*Temporal relation ship

*strength

*Dose response relationship

*Consistency

*Plausibility

*consideration of alternate explainations

*Experiment

*Specificity

*Coherence

Hill suggested that associations are more likely to be casual when they are specific, means exposure causes only one disease.Asbestos exposure and development of asbestosis is one example

2. While considering the Smoking among individuals the people who smoke i.e; smokers would not be a concern of environmental epidemiology because they exhale most of the smoke into the environment. Where as secondhand cigarette smoke is a concern of this discipline because they inhale smoke from environment.

3.Most studies conducted in the field of environmental epidemiology are non experimental being conducted in inherently noisy environment in free living populations . The quality of measurement of exposure and health outcome is usually less than the laboratory studies.

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