1. What is the connection between ketones present in urine and insulin level? 2.

Question

1. What is the connection between ketones present in urine and insulin level?

2. Why does someones breath have a fruity odor? Explain physiological condition causing fruity odor to occur?

3. Differentiate between type 1/type 2 diabetes?

4. What is the role of insulin in keeping cholesterol/triglyceride levels in normal range?

5. How does low insulin levels affect cholesterol/triglyceride levels? See resource links.

6. Explain the causative link/association between diabetes and high

cholesterol/triglyceride levels. See resource links.

Resource links:

High Cholesterol

http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/hypercholesterolemia-000084.htm

High Triglycerides in Diabetes

http://diabetes.about.com/od/whatisdiabetes/a/What-Causes-High-Triglycerides-In-Diabetes.htm

Explanation / Answer

Ketones are by products of fat metabolism.Normally a mild level ketones produced in liver as a result of fat metabolism.But in diabetic condition when insulin level decreases body cannot use glucose as energy source, so fat metabolism will switch on and result in higher amount of ketone production which is released to blood and urine(ketonuria).The fruity smell is because of ketoacidosis, which is a life threatening condition.Acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxybutyrate are the two ketones formed in the body in which acetoacetic acid decomposes to form acetate which gives the fruity smell.

Insulin is produced by the beta cells of pancreas.In type I diabetes (juvenile or insulin dependent diabetes ) the beta cells are destroyed by body's own immune cells and insulin production is inhibited.In type 2 (non insulin dependednt or adult onset) the body produce insulin but the cells develop a resistance against insulin because of the over exposure to insulin or insufficient level .Higher glucose level causes higher insulin, which stores excess glucose as fat and triglycerides thus cholesterol level increases in our body.

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