In paragraph formation may I have help answering these questions? Thank you. Mr.

Question

In paragraph formation may I have help answering these questions? Thank you.

Mr. S was involved in a motor vehicle accident that resulted in severe head trauma and a spinal cord injury in the sacral area. Since the accident, he has had difficulty swallowing his food.

1. What could be the basis of his difficulty?

2. Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal system.

3. Why might Mr. S experience anorexia, nausea, and vomiting following his injury?

4. What are some pharmacological agents that may be given to treat nausea and vomiting?

5. Why is Mr. S having difficulty evacuating his bowel?

Explanation / Answer

1. The act of normal swallowing involves the extraordinary coordinations and sequencing of more than 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Dysphagia increases the risk for aspiration, passage of material from the oropharynx into the larynx below the true vocal folds as a result of swallowing dysfunction due to altered anatomic or neurologic states.

2. parasympathetic

a. it is one of the two main divisions of the ANS.

b. it controls homoeostasis and body's rest and digest response.

c. it controls body response while at rest.

d. increases stomach movement and secretions.

sympathetic

a. decreases stomach movement and secretions

b. controls body response during perceived heat

c. its action to mobilize the body's fight or flight response.

d. it is one of the two main divisions of ANS.

3. It has been postulated that blows to the occipital region potentially stimulate a central emetic centre thought to reside in the reticular formation of the lateral medulla.

4.

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