1. The two main functions of the lymphatic system are Answer coagulating blood a

Question

1. The two main functions of the lymphatic system are
Answer

coagulating blood and fighting infections.

producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood.

producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections.

returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and coagulating blood.

returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.
2. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a function of the urinary system?
Answer

conserving nutrients

maintaining blood volume and pressure

maintaining blood pH

maintaining blood ionic/osmotic balance

making urea
3.The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because
Answer

lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.

stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make.

the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.

stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism.

stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
4. Which of the following accurately describes the events that occur following detection of decreased blood pressure/volume at the nephron?
Answer

Calcitriol is secreted from the kidney, which stimulates calcium absorption at the small intestine and therefore water reabsorption at the colon by osmosis.

Renin is secreted from the kidney, which leads to active angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction, increased fluid intake due to thirst and decreased water loss in urine.

Renin is secreted from the kidney, which stimulates brainstem thirst centers leading to increased fluid intake.

Aldosterone is secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates aquaporin synthesis at the collecting duct, leading to decreased water loss in urine.

Angiotensin is secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenals, leading to increased salt reabsorption and water reabsorption by osmosis.
5. Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?
Answer

proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus

Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus

Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle
6.In healthy individuals, which of the following is normally not filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule?
Answer

Red and white blood cells

glucose

sodium

amino acids

Plasma fluid
7.The first step in the formation of urine is the
Answer

secretion of hydrogen ions into the kidney tubules.

reabsorption of poisons by the kidney tubules.

formation of filtrate that accumulates in Bowman's capsule.

secretion of urea into the renal pelvis.

reabsorption of nutrients by Bowman's capsule.
8.Which of the following choices best describes a plasma cell?
Answer

It is a differentiated T cell.

It is a differentiated B cell.

It responds to an antigen and differentiates into a B cell.

It is produced during a primary immune response, persists, and multiplies in response to a reappearance of the antigen.

It is generated from bone marrow stem cells in response to an antigen.
9.The overall process that refines the filtrate and ultimately returns water and valuable solutes to the blood is known as
Answer

reabsorption.

excretion.

secretion

filtration.

dialysis.
10.Which of the following distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?
Answer

The primary response is specific; the secondary one is not.

The secondary response produces higher levels of antibodies.

The primary response involves B cells; the secondary one involves T cells.

The secondary response allows additional antigens to be recognized faster.

11.The secondary response only functions with the help of complement.
Secretion is the movement of substances like ions and drugs from the ________ into the ________.
Answer

nephron tubule . . . glomerulus

filtrate . . . blood

glomerulus . . . nephron tubule

blood . . . filtrate

urinary bladder . . . outside
12.The basic function of activated cytotoxic T cells is to identify and destroy
Answer

pathogens in blood or lymph.

pathogens in interstitial fluid.

body cells that have been invaded by pathogens.

chemical mediators of immunity.

activated macrophages.
13.Which of the following correctly describes the function of antidiuretic hormone?
Answer

decreases water secretion

increases water reabsorption

stimulates sodium reabsorption

inhibits endocrine function

regulates urine excretion
14.In terms of the function that it serves, the dialyzing solution used during kidney dialysis is most similar to which of the following?
Answer

interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron tubule

the filtrate within the proximal tubule

the plasma within the glomerular capillaries

the filtrate in the distal tubule

the plasma in the peritubular capillaries
15.What type of cell regulates both humoral and cell-mediated acquired immunity?
Answer

plasma cell

cytotoxic T cell

B cell

helper T cell

macrophage
16.Which of the following best describes clonal selection of B cells?
Answer

General phagocytes like neutrophils interact with and activate all B cells to divide and produce antibodies.

After exposure to a specific antigen, a specific B cell receives survival signals, all other B cells undergo apoptosis, leaving only one population in the lymph node.

After exposure to a specific antigen, a specific B is induced to divide, producing many more of that same type of B cell.

Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and granzyme, which activates a specific class of B cells to produce antibodies.

None of the above is a correct description of the process.
17.Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV?
Answer

because the virus is able to produce DNA as an intermediate in viral replication

because HIV has a high mutation rate

due to the damaged helper T cells that are targets for HIV

because evolution favors a rapidly expanding viral population

because HIV is a sexually transmitted viral disease
18.Multipotent stem cells
Answer

phagocytize bacterial cells.

are primarily important in blood clotting.

are responsible for an immune response.

are isolated from adult blood.

can differentiate into all blood cells and platelets.
19.To protect U.S. soldiers serving overseas, each soldier receives vaccinations against several diseases, including smallpox, before deployment. Following intelligence about an imminent smallpox threat, the Army wants to ensure that soldiers stationed in Iraq are fully protected from exposure to the disease, so all the soldiers in the threat zone are given a second vaccination against smallpox. The second vaccination is beneficial because
Answer

it contains plasma cells that survive longer than 4-5 days.

it stimulates production of a higher concentration of antibodies in the bloodstream.

it requires two injections to stimulate antibody formation.

it keeps previously produced plasma cells circulating in the bloodstream.

it renews the primary immune response.
20.Urea is a waste product of amino acid metabolism, however, it is also critical for normal kidney function for which of the following reasons?
Answer

Along with potassium, urea is the main solute used to establish the osmotic gradient of the renal medulla, increasing water reabsorption by osmosis.

Along with sodium, it is secreted by the collecting duct and prevents water reabsorption into the urine.

It is reabsorbed at the collecting duct and, along with sodium, aids in establishing the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla, increasing water reabsorption by osmosis.

High concentrations of urea in the proximal and distal tubules establishes an osmotic gradient that causes water reabsorption at the tubules.

Urea is required for amino acid metabolism, without it, proteins could not be broken down into monomer subunits, causing kidney failure.

Explanation / Answer

1) E) returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections. Main functions of the lymphatic system "to collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma protein to the blood, and thus help maintain fluid balance, to defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes, to absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood."

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse 1
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.