Immune Basics II Pathophysiology questions. PLEASE answer ALL parts of every que
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Immune Basics II Pathophysiology questions. PLEASE answer ALL parts of every question! thank you so much!!!
5. A) Describe the basic steps allergic response. B) What part does histamine play in this allergic response? (What does it do to cells?) C) Define anaphylaxis. 6. A) Differentiate between Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies B) Give an example of each. involved in developing a Type I hypersensitivity and the subsequent 7. A) system relative to stress. i.e. describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical axis) B) What is the basic mechanism behind how stress influences (impairs?) immune function? Describe the connection between the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune 8. A) What is the etiological agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? B) What interactions occur to start the process of the development of RA? C) Outline the basic steps of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis 9. Describe the mechanism that makes the Human Immunodeficiency Virus so damaging to the immune system.Explanation / Answer
5. A) Type 1 hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction caused by the re-exposure of an antigen (can be environmental), called an allergen. This causes an abnormal immune response, where plasma cells produce an execive amount of IgE antibodies. These are bound by their constant portion (Fc) to surrounding mast cells and basophils. When these two cells are completely covered with IgE, they are sensitized at the time of the first appearance of the allergen. With subsequent exposures to the same allergen, the IgE bound to numerous sensitized cells causes the secretion of pharmacologically active mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandin, etc. At an organic level, these products generate vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscle.
5. B) Histamine plays a key role in immune responses, because it regulates inflammation. As mentioned above, some immune cells (mainly mast cells and basophils) excrete histamine to promote local inflammation (activates immune responses), function as chemical mediators that increase microvascular permeability and facilitate chemotaxis.
5. C) Anaphylaxis is a severe and widespread allergic reaction, occurs rapidly and can be fatal.
6. A) Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital, meaning that the where produced mainly because of genetic factors during early development, so they are expected to be expressed since childhood.
On the other hand, the concept of secondary immunodeficiencies implies some external factor to produce the immunodeficiency. (The main factor here is the environment).
6. B) An example of primary immunodeficiency is Di George syndrome, where T lymphocytes do not mature correctly inside the thymus
An example of the second type of immunodeficiency is AIDS, where the viral infection affects immune system.
7. A) When the nervous system is stressed, the hippocampus it is capable to stimulate pituitary and adrenocortical glands (endocrine system) to produce a variety of hormones than activates or participates in immune response mechanisms (immune system).
7. B) The basic way of how stress affects immune system is through the Hypothalamic, Pituitary Adrenocortical axis, in which immune responses are promoted because of and stressing event.
8. A) The development of Rheumatoid Arthritis can be related to several non-genetic or etiological agents:
- smoking
- sex of the individual
- infections by bacteria or viruses
- trauma
8. B) During the initial stage of RA development healthy individuals have an immune response to environmental factors, such as smoking or inhalation some substance, which stimulates the production of autoantibodies. This first stage can take from 2 to 9 years, before the characteristic joint inflammation manifests itself for the first time.
8. C) The basics steps of the pathogenesis of RA are:
First stage or preclinical stage: activation or immune priming (first immune response, generation of autoantibodies).
Second stage: beginning of the inflammatory attack on the joints (generation of new synovial blood vessels, which is accompanied by the appearance of synovial fluid in the joint).
Third stage: chronic inflammation (the synovial cells form a granulation tissue, known as rheumatoid pannus, which releases enzymes that degrade cartilage and bone).
9) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)infects immune cells, particularly T-CD4+ lymphocytes, where it controls DNA replication process in order to produce many copies of itself. When these copies are released, the cell dies, and the entire process repeats. If not treated, an HIV infection depletes T-CD4+ lymphocytes.
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