Sdlonce In the NEWS 13. This case study explores how the first cell may have ari

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Sdlonce In the NEWS 13. This case study explores how the first cell may have arisen given the complexity required for life and the challenging environment of early Earth. While RNA is an attractive candidate as the primordial genetic material, critics have pointed out that RNA is highly susceptible to degradation. A self-replicating RNA may have required an environment in which RNA stability was enhanced. Attwater et al. (2010) tested the hypothesis that early Earth ice may have stabilized RNA structure and enhanced ribozyme-based RNA replication (a ribozyme refers to an RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme). They tested their hypothesis by measuring the activity of an RNA polymerase ribozyme (as a model for the primordial replicase) at various temperatures. T(C): 37 7 17 17 7 7-25 t (days): 1 1 18 18 8 domain duplex EEIncreasing RNA size Catalytic domain Unextended primer T7 RNA pol R18 ribozyme RNA pd Effects of reaction temperature on RNA Polymerase activity. (a) Schematic of ribozyme polymerase (black) RNA genome (green) and RNA primer (orange) are also indicated. (b) RNA synthesis assay using a protein-based RNA polymerase (T7 RNA Pol) and the ribozyme genome from ea longer and longer RNA molecules, which appear as a higher banding pattern. The presence of fewer bands indicates that long RNA molecules were not produced in the reaction and that the RNA genome was successfully replicated. The RNA polymerase at ambient temperatures and in ice. The RNA 13a. The 3D shape of proteins results from polypeptide folding due to a variety of chemical bond interactions. What chemical bond (represented by short gray lines in figure (a)) helps provide the ribozyme RNA polymerase with its 3D shape? 12 pts] The RNA synthesis assay is based off the fluorescent RNA primer (orange) being extended polymerase into a longer molecule. In figure (b) above, samples are placed in a gel, an ekcr is applied to the gel, and the RNA molecules migrate toward the positive (+) pole of the current of the gel). Longer RNA molecules run slower and result in a high banding pattern while short RNA molecules (including unextended primer) run faster and result in a low banding pattern.

Explanation / Answer

13a.

The 3 D conformation of the matured polypeptide results forms folding of the polypeptide chain. A special type of chemical bond known as hydrogen bonds helps in holding the 3D conformation. The grey short lines in the figure provided depict the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs of the RNA. Individual hydrogen bond will not be able to hold the structures but in the unity of hundreds and thousands of bonds between the complementary base pairs makes the bonds strong enough to hold the 3 D conformation.

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