We inhale and ingest a wide variety of viral pathogens with an equally wide rang

Question

We inhale and ingest a wide variety of viral pathogens with an equally wide range of clinical outcomes arising from infection. Using examples, discuss the various outcomes that can result from infection via the respiratory route and the gastrointestinal tract (use two examples for each site). An important respiratory pathogen is influenza virus with evolutionary change to the viral genome underpinning its ability to cause both yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. Briefly explain the molecular basis of the changes to the viral genome that drives these two outbreak scenarios.

Explanation / Answer

Viral influenza infection affects respiratory system, mainly in pregnant women where it will causes immunological changes. As a respiratory infection, it affects nose, throat and lungs causing runny nose, sore throat and dry to wet coughs. Influenza viru infection will stimulates cytokines cascade that will make ischemic brain damage more worse. In pregnant women, this viral infection causes tissue specific hormone regulation causing difficulties for fetus.

Viral gastroenteritis is a intestinal infection which is identified by abdominal cramp, diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and fever. It occurs through contaminated water or food. It causes dehydration where body losses enough water to sustain.

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