10- The digestive system breaks down Sucrose (cane sugar) via the following reac
ID: 149627 • Letter: 1
Question
10- The digestive system breaks down Sucrose (cane sugar) via the following reaction Sucrose + H:0 Glucose + Fructose AG..-63kcalinol). However, in pure aqueous solution, Sucrose can last for months without undergoing any noticeable hydrolysis. a. Explain why such a thermodynamically favorable reaction would not readily take place. b. Which factor produced by the digestive system allows this reaction to actually take place? c. Which parameter of the reaction does this factor specifically change? d. How does this factor affect the way the reaction reaches equilibrium? e. Will this factor affect the free energy change of the reaction? 11. Consider the following reaction X Y and the energy diagram represented on Figure 1 . a For cach reaction path, write the expression of the activation energy and the total energy change of the reaction (use the energy levels indicated by a, b, e and d). b- Which of the two paths suggests the presence of a catalyst (like an enzyme)? e- Which class will that enzyme belong to if - X is a phospho-protein and Y is the non- phosphorylated form of X. Y is the phosphorylated version of protein X. i-X is Maltose and Y is Glucose iv-X is Glucose 1-phosphate and Y is Galactose-1-phosphate. V- X is ethanol and Y is acetaldehyde. vi-If X is pyruvate and Y is acetaldehyde. Figure 1 12- What are the different mechanisms involved in substrate activation by the active site? 13- What is the difference between substrate specificity and group specificity 14- Hexokinase catalyses the first reaction of glycolytic pathway by phosphorylating Glucose as follows Glucose+ATP Glucose-6-phosphate+ ADP Figures 2A and 2B show the result of the kineties study of the reaction at varying concentrations of Glucose and a fixed and saturating concentration of ATP. a-Use figure 2A to estimate Vmax and KM; what is the meaning of each of these parameters? b- Use figure 2B to determine Vnax and Kse in the absence of inhibitor. c- What is the effect of each inhibitor 1 and 2 on the reaction? Discuss the type of each inhibitor and determine the corresponding KM and Vaax values. d- The same enzyme can also phosphorylates fructose with a Kw of 1.5mM; which of glucose and fructose does the enzyme have a higher affinity for?Explanation / Answer
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ANSWERS:
10 a. Slightly polar sucrose molecules form intermolecular bonds with the polar water molecules. Hence sucrose retains its integrity in the polar solution instead of breaking down.
10b. The enzyme sucrase is involved in causing this reaction
10c. The free energy parameter is changed in the presence of sucrase.
10d. The presence of an enzyme causes the reaction to reach equilibrium faster due to higher free energy change in favour of product formation.
10e. Yes. The free energy release increases in the presence of the enzyme
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