26. The client asks the nurse to explain the implications of the TNM system. His
ID: 147864 • Letter: 2
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26. The client asks the nurse to explain the implications of the TNM system. His physician told him "the nesw is not good; your tumor is classified as TNM based on the knowledge that: The nurse's response is This is a local classification system used by the physicians at this particular hospital. This is an international system used by oncologists as a standardized method of defining a tumor and tumor activity The numbers used are indicative of tumor growth and spread, with the smaller numbers meaning more aggressive growth. Only the physician can interpret any findings to the client. a. b. c. d. 27. A difference between normal cells and cancer cells is that cancer cells: a. Adhere to their area of origin. b. Are well differentiated c. Multiply at will. d. Cannot move freely around the body. 28. Choose risk factors for cancer: (Select all that apply.) a. Use of oral birth control pills. b. Consumption of a high fiber diet. c. Heavy alcohol consumption d. Use of smokeless tobacco instead of smoking cigarettes. e. Consumption of five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. f. Multiple sexual partners with unprotected sex 29. A nurse is caring for a client with advanced cancer. The first priority of nursing intervention a. Support limbs and gently turn client to prevent a pathological fracture. b. Monitor ascites by measuring abdominal girth at the umbilicus. c. Listen to the client share her concerns about losing her hair. d. Administer oral morphine sulfate for break through pain.Explanation / Answer
27- the difference between normal and cancer cell- depends on both the cancer type and the cell type.
Normal cells listen to signals from neighbouring cells and stop growing when they encroach on nearby tissues. Cells are also not the same all over the body. Our cells have many different shapes, sizes and functions. Every cell is filled with thousands upon thousands of molecules, that each have chemical properties and works together to make the cell.
Cancer cells ignore these cells and invade nearby tissues. it is not just one disease. It is many thousands of diseases that all have the same outcome. it is a cell which gets mutated, that means the genes in the cell gets changed. One mutation is not enough, there need to be multiple mutations.
The result of these mutations have to be, that the cell get more inclined to divide and make new cells, and less inclined to turn into mature, stationary cells.
Type of cancer and the molecules in the cancer cell depends on:
example- leukaemia cancer will be from stem cells. it has a neutral pH and they keep this trait as they turn into cancer cells.
in a secretory cell, as our thyroid gland or pancreas will often keep their abilities to produce their product, so they will be cells that secrete specific chemicals continuously. And cells that stem from our bone-producing cells, will produce and build hydroxylapatite into bone tissue.
If multiple mutations affect regulatory mechanisms accumulate in a single cell, the cell will lose all control with respect to cell division. It will start uncontrolled division. This uncontrolled division of cell is the root cause of causing cancer cells.
therefore, from the above theory, we can say that cancer cells multiply at will when cell lose all control with respect to cell division and start uncontrolled division.
28- Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain behaviours. They also include things people cannot control, like age and family history. A family history of certain cancers can be a sign of a possible inherited cancer syndrome. the list below includes the most-studied known or suspected risk factors for cancer. Although some of these risk factors can be avoided, others—such as growing older—cannot. Limiting your exposure to avoidable risk factors may lower your risk of developing certain cancers.
in conclusion, cancer risk factors are options b, c, d, f
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