Neisiseria Gonorhrreae 1. Main biological features a. Cell shape, arrangement, G

Question

Neisiseria Gonorhrreae

1. Main biological features

a. Cell shape, arrangement, Gram stain, endospores, capsule, unusual features.

2. Clinical Manifestations

a. List the diseases that are produced by this microorganism.

3. Mechanism of Disease

a. List of how the microorganism induces disease: Toxin, proteolysis, pyogenic, immunological mechanism or multiple mechanisms.

4. Transmission

a. How the microorganism is transmitted and who is at risk of acquiring the infection.

5. Prevention

a. List the most common prevention methods

b. Is there a vaccine?

6. Treatment

a. Is antimicrobial intervention necessary?

              b. Have resistant strains been detected?

c. List the common methods of treatment (you don’t need to list drug names).

d. Prognosis – Mortality associated with the disease

Explanation / Answer

1.Neisseria gonorrhoeae belongs to the genus Neisseria within the family Neisseriaceae . It is a Gram-negative, non-spore forming, non-motile, encapsulated, and non acid-fast bacteria,

a.which appear in kidney bean shape under the microscope

, Gram-negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures. Neisseria spp.. are facultatively intracellular and typically appear in pairs resembling the shape of coffee beans. Nesseria is nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and an obligate aerobe . Of the 11 species of Neisseria that colonize humans, only two are pathogens.

2.Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a wide range of virulence determinants even though it does not produce any exotoxins. During the first stage of the infection, it involves adherence and invasion, are mediated by surface components of the gonococci

a.

Streptococcus.

Resistance.   

3.this infections are acquired in humans by sexual contact. It is able to infect the lower genital tract, urethra in men and cervix in women . Infected women may be asymptomatic , but up to 50% show nonspecific symptoms including odorless mucopurulent, vaginal discharge and vaginal bleeding

a.Neisseria gonorrheae express a set of common mechanisms that allow its adaptation to the immune system and immune evasion. .Gonorrheae first attaches itself to the cells and the tissues using a rod shaped protein structure called Type IV pili that recognizes a molecule of the host and bind to it . Therefore Type IV pili is essential for virulence in N. gonorrhoeae because it mediates specific attachment to human mucosal cells, initiating the infectious process.

4.This bacteria can be passed through sexual contact (vaginal, oral, or anal), even without ejaculation, or spread from the mother to child at birth. However, the spreadand transmission of gonorrhea, along with other sexually transmitted diseases, can be prevented using condoms and other safe sexual practices.

5.

To minimize the risk of transmitting gonorrhea to others, you should avoid having sexual intercourse for at least seven days after completion of treatment. You should also encourage anyone you’ve had sexual intercourse with over the past 60 days to see their own doctors for evaluation.

b

The sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea is a global public health problem for which no vaccine is available.

6.

Upon displaying symptoms, a doctor may recommend a test for gonorrhea in addition to other diseases. Testing for gonorrhea can be completed by analyzing a urine sample or a swab of an affected area. Swab samples are commonly taken from the penis, cervix, urethra, anus, and throat.

Home kits for women are also available that include vaginal swabs. These kits are sent to a laboratory and results are reported directly to the patient.

If testing is positive for a gonorrhea infection, the individual and their partner will need to undergo treatment. This typically involves:

a.If a woman is pregnant and infected with gonorrhea, the infant will be given an eye ointment to prevent gonorrhea transmission. However, antibiotics may be required if an eye infection develop

b.The quantitative agar dilution method determines the MICs (g/ml) of antimicrobials and is the “gold standard” method. Nevertheless, particularly for testing small numbers of isolates, this method is laborious and not ideal for routine AMR testing.

c

d.Gonorrhea if left untreated may last for weeks or months with higher risks of complications. One of the complications of gonorrhea is systemic dissemination resulting in skin pustules or petechia, septic arthritis, meningitis, or endocarditis.This occurs in between 0.6 and 3% of infected women and 0.4 and 0.7% of infected men.

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