Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and
ID: 146150 • Letter: W
Question
Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?
(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison
Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?
(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?
(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.
Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?
(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes
Dissections of cadavers in the 17th and 18th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?
(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.
H.M.’s epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a
(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.
After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.
(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories
H.M.’s surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?
((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe
You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream “Dog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.” As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?
(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Broca’s area. (e)Wernicke’s area.
Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?
(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.
(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.
(c) He removed different regions of the brain in different animals.
(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.
(e)All of the above
Explanation / Answer
1) c) Galen was a early philosopher and scientist, who believed that the cerebrum and cerebellum acts as centers for coordination of the body.
2) e)Fluid mechanical theory believed that the pineal gland is responsible for the pumping action of humor into the hollow tubes 'nerves'.
3)d) Humors can be said to be analogous to the impulses that the nerves carry to and from the brain according to the urrent understanding of nervous system.
4) e) Descartes believed human body contained animal spirits. These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids moving around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles, and. These animal spirits were believed to affect the human soul, or behaviour.
5)b) The first observable feature when brain was dissected was gray matter and white matter. the deduction from that observance was that, white matter transfers information to and from gray matter.
6) b) H.M. had accidentally hit his head as a child which caused episodes of seizure and epilepsy.
7) e) After surgery HM was unable to remember new memories . This condition is presently called severe anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to develop and keep new memories.
8)d) Hippocampus
The surgery resulted in removal of anterior two thirds of his hippocampi. Hippocampus is the part of the brain involved in forming new memories, learning and emotions.
9) d) Broca's area
This area is located in the frontal lobe of cerebrum and is involved in the production of speech.Damage to this region results in loss of the ability to understand speech or communicate using language.
10) a) Karl Lashley may have been right is saying memory is widely distributed by mass action. He was also flawed, because he assumed memory was unitary and there was one type of memory spots where the memory is stored in the brain. More over he chose an activity like maze running which includes more than just memory, it has olfactory, vision, spatial sense involved. Removing any may slow the process but not completely stop the rats to find another clue.
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